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Chongqing city looks like a pot of hot pot!

Surrounded by two rivers, is it like a pot of hot pot soup? And the Yuzhong Peninsula, like a piece of fresh hairy belly floating on the hot pot, is scalding … Some people say that Chongqing is more like a mandarin duck pot, with red soup on the Yangtze River and clear soup on the Jialing River.

No wonder Chongqing hot pot is famous all over the world. Chongqing looks like it, which is very good with hot pot.

Five conjectures

For decades, many people have been trying to research the origin of Chongqing hot pot, but they have not found a convincing source. I combed it, and there are five main origins of Chongqing hot pot mentioned in various articles. I call them "five conjectures" about the origin of Chongqing hot pot.

Conjecture 1: the origin theory of jiangbei street.This is the view of Li Jieren, a famous Sichuan writer who has opened a restaurant in Shanghai and worked as a vice mayor of Chengdu. In Li Jieren’s article "Talking about the basic necessities of life in Chinese-1947 and 1948", there is such a passage: "Eating beef omasum hotpot with buffalo originated in Jiangbei, on the other side of Chongqing. At first, the general retail dealer bought buffalo viscera, washed it and boiled it, then cut the liver and stomach into small pieces, put a mud stove on the shoulder, and put a griddle iron basin on the stove. The pot was turned upside down and boiled with a spicy, hemp and salty marinade. So people on the bridge by the river, friends who generally sell labor, and beggars who want to eat meat after earning a few words, gathered around the burden and benefited. It is not only economical, but also can increase the quantity of calories. I haven’t known it for many years, and it was all noticed by people above the class of Little Bourgeois. It was not until 21 or 22 years of the Republic of China that a small restaurant in Chongqing Commercial Street ennobled him and moved him from the head to the table.

Conjecture 2: the origin theory of "water eight blocks"On the streets of Chongqing, there is also a hot pot restaurant named "Shuibakuai", which is probably a belief in this school of theory. Some people think that at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there was a popular way to eat "eight pieces of water" on the docks and streets of Chongqing. On the roadside food stall, there are small dishes filled with all kinds of beef offal, and there is a mud stove next to the stall. There is a large pot with a grid on the stove, and the pot is spicy soup base. Diners pick raw slices from the plates to burn food, and then count the plates to pay for it.

Conjecture 3: the origin theory of Zaifang Street.Zaifang Street, next to Chuandao turn, is under the existing Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge. This is the slaughter place of cattle and sheep in Chongqing in those days. According to this view, Chongqing hot pot originated in this place around the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926). Because after the cattle were slaughtered here, no one wanted the beef offal, so some people collected these beef offal that nobody cared about and opened a spicy hot pot restaurant.

Conjecture 4: the theory of the origin of boatmen.This statement is very common, and many hot pot owners have told me so. Chongqing is a big wharf with many boatmen. For the convenience of eating, at the bow of the boat and by the river, boatmen casually set up a pot to pick up or buy some beef offal that was not needed in the slaughterhouse. When the spicy soup was cooked, the hot pot was born.

Guess 5: the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables.This origin, because it is not clean, even a little disgusting, is basically not mentioned in all hot pot restaurants now. Why? Because, miscellaneous vegetables are the leftovers in the restaurant before. Every day, especially in larger restaurants, a lot of leftovers are accumulated. Restaurants gather these leftovers together, wholesale them to vendors, buy them back from vendors, pack them in cauldrons, and sell them to poor people passing by on the side of the pier. A spoonful of miscellaneous vegetables and a bowl of "Maoertou" dry rice is a meal. There are also some poor families who buy some to go home and eat them as food. There is some oil and water in the miscellaneous vegetables, which can also be regarded as a beating in sumptuous food.

Leftovers naturally don’t taste good. Small vendors engaged in miscellaneous vegetables business came up with a clever idea, adding a lot of sea pepper and pepper. Under the hot marijuana, all the strange smells were suppressed. The poor people who bought home, after eating miscellaneous vegetables, will continue to cook vegetables with the remaining spicy soup base-hot pot was born. Miscellaneous vegetables, this name is not nice, so people gave it a nice name, called "Naolong Palace".

Miscellaneous vegetables are found all over the country. Beijing is called "combined vegetables", which is actually leftovers. During the Anti-Japanese War, the beggar boss of Marble Stone married his daughter, and he did a lot of things in the open air by the Marble Stone River. All the banquets that beggars come to eat are "making trouble with the Dragon Palace".

It is said that in the past, the income from selling miscellaneous vegetables in restaurants was not the boss’s, but the private account of all the guys.

Because the grade of miscellaneous vegetables is very low, Chongqing people swear and often use the word "miscellaneous vegetables": you miscellaneous vegetables! Here, miscellaneous vegetables are basically equivalent to the "three abuses" in Mandarin.

Which conjecture is more correct?

These five conjectures about the origin of hot pot have been flying around for many years in the smell of hot pot over Chongqing, and no one can explain themselves.

There are different opinions, which makes the owners of Chongqing Hot Pot Restaurant unable to recognize their ancestors. Some bosses, who can’t wait, just find an ancestor at random and hang it on the wall for three incense sticks in the morning and evening. If you are bold, simply claim that I am the first one. Why don’t you find another one to come out?

This article dare not say the final conclusion, just trying to get as close to the truth as possible.

According to the basic logic theorem, if there are two different descriptions of the same object, there must be a false one. Besides, there are five different descriptions. What should we do? I suggest we try the "exclusion method" first.

Personally, the most popular "the origin of boatmen" is the first of these five conjectures to be eliminated.

There are docks all over the Chuanjiang River and boatmen all over the Yangtze River. If hot pot originated from boatmen, why is it unique to Chongqing? Is it possible that the boatmen in Yibin, Luzhou, Fuling and Wanxian will not eat? Are they all that stupid? I don’t know if I want to use spicy soup to cook vegetables. They don’t kill cattle there? There will be no abandoned beef offal?

Therefore, if the boatman origin theory holds, then the origin of Chongqing hot pot is not Chongqing, but the whole Sichuan River. Chongqing hot pot will be sadly renamed Chuanjiang hot pot-where there are no boatmen in Chuanjiang? Where is Chuanjiang spicy? Where do boatmen not eat? Where is the dock free of beef offal?

Besides, why should only a boatman set up a pot and burn food with spicy soup base? Will beggars? Will the porters on the dock? I think farmers are also very likely. In the field, a pot and a dish can be very hot. Can we also have a theory of the origin of farmers, porters and beggars?

In fact, before Chongqing hot pot, there was no record of spicy hot pot in Sichuan. Therefore, the origin of Chongqing hot pot must be found in the history of Chongqing, not on the Chuanjiang River. That is really the wrong dock.

Some people take a photo of a boatman eating hot pot in the late Qing Dynasty as an ironclad proof that hot pot originated from boatmen. Oh, my god, this photo can only prove that they are eating hot pot, and it can only prove that there was a hot pot in the late Qing Dynasty. Who eats hot pot? He invented this hot pot? This logic is too powerful. I still eat hot pot every week. Why didn’t you say that hot pot was invented by me?

This theory of origin has no facts and no logical support.

The second thing to be eliminated is "eight pieces of water".

It is a mistake as the name implies to say that eight pieces of water originated from hot pot. Hot pot is what you eat in the spicy soup base! It has never been "eight pieces of water".

The book "Cuisine of Sichuan Cuisine", published in 1980s, has an entry of "eight pieces of water". Eight pieces of water is a kind of cold chicken. Use a male chick, boil it in boiling water a little, and cut it off. Then remove the chicken head, chicken feet and chicken wings, just cut the chicken body in half and then in half, cut it into eight pieces, and then use the oblique knife method to connect the bones with the meat and slice it into pieces of uniform size. Put it in a big basin, add red oil and other seasonings and mix well.

This is a folk dish, which used to belong to the category of "Tian Xi".

The book Sichuan Cuisine is very authoritative in the industry. When this book was written, many chefs and gourmets in the Republic of China were still alive, and many dishes in the book were handed down by these masters, so they didn’t talk nonsense.

I used to cook chicken, as if I liked the word "eight pieces", and there is a famous dish called "eight pieces of chicken with fish flavor". In short, it is to cut the chicken into pieces, like fried crispy meat, coat it with egg powder, fry it twice in oil pan, fry it until crispy, and then pour in fish sauce. In fact, it is not necessary to cut only eight pieces, but to use the expression "one chicken cuts eight pieces" to describe that this chicken piece should not be too small, otherwise it will not be enough to chew.

Therefore, eight pieces of water and hot pot have nothing to do with fart. It’s all a lie, plus a rumor.

There are three theories of origin: Li Jieren’s theory of the origin of Jiangbei, others’ theory of the origin of Zhafang Street, and the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables that is not so tall.

Of these three origins, the first two are about the place of origin. Only the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables is about the origin of the vegetables themselves.

It doesn’t matter where the place of origin is in Chongqing. No one can come up with hard evidence to prove that the hot pot came from my Dajiang North, or from my Dazaifang Street. The existing ones are all isolated evidence or legends. What we need to analyze is the time interval when hot pot was born in Chongqing and its evolution process.

Many famous dishes, especially hot pot, a special diet form, are unlikely to be so-and-so geniuses. Most of the whimsy after waking up goes through an evolutionary process and then gradually takes shape.

Evolution process of hot pot

This is also my guess, not necessarily right. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct me.

In the mid-Qing Dynasty, peppers came to the table in Sichuan.

But the premise of hot pot is not only pepper and pepper, but also oil and water. Scoop a spoonful of water to ensure that you can’t cook the taste of hot pot. If you have to cook it, it is estimated that no one will eat it. In those days, regular restaurants, no matter how big or small, could not invent the form of hot pot-in those days, spicy food was very off the table and was the food of the poor.

Slowly, by the end of the Qing dynasty, some small restaurants began to appear spicy dishes. This can be seen from the book "Chengdu Overview" published in 1908. At that time, less than 10% of the dishes in Chengdu restaurants were spicy. This is a very strange phenomenon. Restaurants refuse spicy food, but it has long been popular among the people-I have a book "Zhong Fu Lu" written by Zeng Yi, a beautiful woman in Chengdu during the Xianfeng period, which contains her family’s method of making watercress.

Then, the combination of miscellaneous vegetables and spicy food should be the earliest form of hot pot.

Miscellaneous vegetables and peppers all come from grass roots. After the combination of the two, you can use pepper to suppress the strange smell of miscellaneous vegetables. More importantly, the combination of oil and water in miscellaneous vegetables and pepper and pepper is the necessary condition for the birth of hot pot-we have to talk about logic, right?

Since the miscellaneous vegetables with pepper and pepper are not difficult to eat, can we not waste the soup after eating the miscellaneous vegetables? Something hot, isn’t it delicious and economical? If you add a little unwanted beef offal, the oil and water will increase and the taste will be good-well, in this way, the hot pot will stumble all the way to us.

The boss who started making hot pot is probably the one who sold miscellaneous vegetables.

To establish this form of hot pot, several conditions must be met: first, the bottom soup should have oil and water; Second, pepper and pepper have widely entered the people; Third, there are cheap sources of goods, such as beef offal and pig offal; Fourth, there are a large number of customers-friends who are so poor.

Unfortunately, Chongqing meets all these four conditions.

Miscellaneous vegetables have oil and water; Pepper was already popular in the late Qing Dynasty, which is recorded in writing. Chongqing Zaifang Street is not far from the pier, and the purchase channel of beef offal is very convenient; Plus Chongqing Grand Pier, the rich are a dime a dozen, and the poor are more than a dime a dozen.

Hot pot, in this way, is separated from miscellaneous vegetables and becomes an independent diet form-Heroes don’t ask about their origins, but delicious food is king!Chongqing hot pot, which was born at the grassroots level, set off in this way and headed for its sea of stars!

At the beginning, hot pot was probably also a tourist stall, and then some tourist stalls with good business were fixed as sitting stalls.

Early chafing dish, I believe, is not only available in Chongqing, but all places that meet these four conditions are likely to develop this form of chafing dish independently or by reference. It’s just that in my big Chongqing, this hot pot is booming.

In the early 1920s, there was a "worthwhile" pub in Shuigou Street, jiangbei town. The location of this pub is relatively partial. In the past, it mainly sold "cold single bowls", that is, loose wine with a little peanuts and dried beans, and the business was not good. Later, the hot pot business was added, and the business was good.

However, this is not the earliest hot pot in Chongqing. Because, at this time, there are already many open-air hot pot stalls on the roadside of Chaotianmen and other docks. Moreover, this "worthwhile" is definitely not the first, but other restaurants that learn from cats and tigers.

At that time, the hot pot stalls were sloppy. A mud stove, an iron pot, and inside the iron pot, there is a tic-tac-toe nine-square grid that is still in use. Next to the pot, there is a chopping board. The main dishes on the chopping board are: beef oil residue, beef heart, beef liver, large intestine and leg meat. Vegetarian dishes are wrapped in white, green onions and garlic seedlings, and there are also dried rice and dried rice.

The boss stood behind the chopping board with a kitchen knife in his hand. Beef oil residue and other meat dishes have been cut into large chunks, and diners (basically laborers) feed by the chunks, while the boss helps diners change the designated meat dishes into knives and cut them into small pieces. Everyone eats their own food-please note that there is no hairy belly at this time. As for vegetarian dishes, they are charged by the "handful", and the boss pays how much for each handful.

In the early days, except for the docks at Chaotianmen, most of the hot pot stalls in the city were concentrated under the eaves of the street at Jiaochangkou, and their management methods were the same as those on the docks. Jiaochangkou was a slum in Chongqing. The rich people in Chongqing are mostly in Duyou Street (now Jie Fangbei) not far away.

Compared with the most famous hot pot stall in the market, the boss nicknamed it "Li Maomi". When he counted the diners, he used the old small copper coins. Small copper coins are also called cents, so they got this nickname. Li Maomi is good at business. Every morning, he collects lithograph posters of various theaters on that day and sticks them on the wall next to the stall, where diners can talk while eating. This hot pot stall was destroyed by war during the Anti-Japanese War.

Chongqing hot pot is so famous that it has become a representative of spicy hot pot. This is related to the location of Chongqing. Before the Anti-Japanese War, Chongqing was the largest water wharf, the largest commercial city and the largest industrial city in southwest China (although there were few industries), and there were many poor people, so this hot pot stall correspondingly increased, and its reputation gradually increased.

Chongqing hot pot became famous all over the country, which really depended on the Anti-Japanese War.

Almost all the famous hot pot restaurants I can find are famous during the Anti-Japanese War. These hot pot restaurants are: Yunlong Garden, Luminous Cup and Shuyuan in Linjiangmen; 141 of Mihua Street (now Bayi Road) (later merged with Yunlong Garden in 141); Do not return if you are not drunk on May 4th Road; The "Han Palace Maodu Hotpot" in the Spiritual Fortress (now Jie Fangbei) … and so on.

Can’t help but say a digression. Now some hot pot restaurants like to recognize their ancestors. Of course, not only Chongqing, but also many places in China have this bad habit: find a brand that has disappeared from history, and then run out to recognize their ancestors and say that they are descendants. I’m sorry, please show me the chain of evidence, or I won’t recognize your grandson who was born. Especially those who call themselves the "first family" are even more absurd. Hot pot is a gradually formed diet, and it is impossible to prove who is the first one!

Get down to business. Hot pot stalls have appeared, can the hot pot restaurant be far behind? However, who actually moved the hot pot from the roadside stall into the small restaurant has no test now.

The hot pot at that time was completely different from now. Mr. Ma Zhitu once recalled the scene when he was eating hot pot in Chongqing: "Just lowering the table, sitting on a high stool, stepping on the table, shirtless, eating and drinking loudly, is really called eating Chongqing hot pot." -At that time, hot pot, put a small mud stove on the table, a small pot on the stove, or one person, or several people, sit around and eat.

The stove is on the table, and diners have to sit on high stools. The trick of burying hot pot in the table will take a long time to appear.

Ma Shitu, a famous person, ate a lot of hot pot in Chongqing and wrote a lot about it. Slowly, the fame of Chongqing hot pot spread far and wide.

　Finally, let’s guess againThe birth path of hot pot(The following is pure conjecture. If there is anything wrong, please criticize.)：

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the popularization of peppers, miscellaneous vegetables, peppers and prickly ash were finally happily combined.

Then, the hot pot is separated from the miscellaneous vegetables. After several years, from 1900 to 1910, people began to forget the relationship between hot pot and miscellaneous vegetables. At this time, as an independent diet, hot pot was accepted by people.

Then (1910-1920), hot pot booths appeared, that is, the predecessors who carried the burden of hot pot and wandered around.

Some hot pot stalls with good business have been fixed and become hot pot stalls. After another, more people joined the team of hot pot stalls. However, the hot pot fixed stall and the traveling stall are likely to coexist, just as the traveling stall and the fixed stall in Dandan Noodles have coexisted for a long time.

Around 1920, the business of hot pot stalls became better and better. The population of Greater Chongqing is also increasing. Many high-end people not only like the heavy taste of hot pot, but also don’t want to put down their bodies, go to the roadside and rummage around in a pot with people who are working hard. At this time, some restaurants began to put hot pot on the table one after another.sideline in.

The professional hot pot restaurant appeared later, and it is estimated that it will not appear until around 1930.

The final shape, development and popularity of Chongqing hot pot in the whole country was during the Anti-Japanese War.

Original title: the origin of Chongqing hot pot! The truth may surprise you …

Reading tips

In recent years, some undeveloped "wild" scenic spots have become punching places in online celebrity on social platforms. There are hidden safety risks behind the fiery "adventure". The safety management protection network of undeveloped scenic spots needs to be woven by many subjects such as government, platform, travel agency and tourists.

　

On both sides of the crystal clear river, colorful tents and awnings are set up, and tourists play in the river. However, in an instant, the flood came in with sediment, and the tourists even had no time to put away their camping equipment and fled to the shore, but some people were still trapped in the middle of the river, in a dilemma … …

This is the scene of a sudden flash flood in Longcaogou, Longmenshan Town, Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province on August 13th. According to the report of Pengzhou Emergency Management Bureau, 7 people were killed and 8 people were slightly injured in the disaster. In fact, Longcaogou, which was favored by tourists before the disaster, is an undeveloped "wild" scenic spot.

The mountain torrents in Pengzhou once again sounded the alarm. In recent years, some undeveloped scenic spots have become "original ecological scenic spots" and "niche punching places" on social platforms, attracting many tourists, and "adventure" tourism has even become a popular game, but the hidden security risks behind it cannot be underestimated.

There is a hidden crisis behind the fiery "exploration"

Half a month after the flash flood in Pengzhou, when the reporter searched for "Longcaogou" on the social platform again, "fear nature and cherish life" became a frequent word.

In recent years, outdoor tourism, such as exploration and camping, has become popular. Many "wild" attractions like Longcaogou have become online celebrity attractions on social platforms, such as the abandoned mine cave in Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, the "sheepskin cave" in Guiyang, Guizhou, and the Shilaoren cave in Qingdao, Shandong.

Yin Jie, a professor at the Institute of Tourism Safety of Huaqiao University, analyzed that from the perspective of demand, tourists’ favorite travel mode has changed from sightseeing to experience tourism. Camping, outdoor exploration and other activities have high experience attributes, and affected by the epidemic situation in COVID-19, tourists’ yearning for natural space is becoming stronger. With the double blessing of "experience" and "being close to nature", tourism modes such as outdoor adventure continue to be hot.

However, there are hidden security risks behind the fiery "adventure", and tourists are in distress frequently. On June 29, two tourists fell off the cliff while climbing the "sheepskin cave", causing leg fractures and head injuries; On August 20th, a woman accidentally fell into the water and died while playing paddle board in Xiangtang Reservoir in Nanjing … …

Yin Jie said that tourists who visit undeveloped scenic spots without authorization may not only face the risks of natural disasters such as floods, mudslides, landslides and landslides, but also have accidents such as falls, sprains, falls and disappearances. Zhang Yuxin, a member of the Kunming Blue Sky Emergency Coordination Center in Yunnan Province, said that taking mine exploration as an example, the internal structure of the cave is complex, and there is no communication signal. After entering, it is easy to get lost, and there may be air scarcity or landslides. Once tourists are trapped, it is very difficult to search and rescue.

Who’s to blame for swimming in "Wonderland" but encountering danger?

Areas that are not suitable for travel have become popular tourist attractions, and tourists’ expectations for visiting "fairyland" have evolved into a tragedy of encountering danger. Who will be responsible for this?

At one time, Longcaogou was dubbed as "a good place to spend the summer" and "a little-known secret place to play with water" on social platforms, but these recommendations usually made no mention of the fact that Longcaogou was prone to natural disasters such as mudslides and flash floods during the flood season, and even undertook local flood discharge tasks.

"The product development, service management, system norms and other aspects of this kind of scenic spot are imperfect and unsystematic." Yin Jie said that becoming a punch-in point in online celebrity depends largely on the "online celebrity spillover" effect and the "filter beautification" effect, that is, the fan effect of the recommender and the beauty function of the lens.

Wang Xudong, a lawyer of Beijing Dongwei Law Firm, said that the "wild" scenic spot can not be turned into a punching point in online celebrity without the sharing of some bloggers on social platforms and the promotion of the platform based on algorithms. In the face of the massive information released by users, it may be harsh to ask the platform to actively delete each recommended scenic spot after risk assessment. "However, if a user complains or reports the danger of the site, the platform has the obligation to confirm and review it in time, and cannot let itself go." Wang Xudong said.

Yin Jie believes that tourists who travel after watching recommended videos have a safety accident, which belongs to "multiple causes and one effect". It is impossible to judge that the safety accident must be caused by information publishers or social platforms, especially in the case of undeveloped scenic spots and no complete supporting facilities.

In the travel itinerary provided by many tourists who witnessed the Pengzhou flood, the reporter saw that on the same day, they participated in the trip of "Cool Walking, Zhongba Forest+Longcaogou" of a travel agency. In this regard, Wang Xudong analyzed that travel agencies have the obligation to ensure the safety of tourists, and should fully inform the common risks in tourist routes and take effective protective measures. If the travel agency fails to fulfill the relevant obligations, causing personal injury and property loss to tourists, it should bear the corresponding liability for compensation.

The popularity of "wild" scenic spots has also revealed that some tourists have poor safety awareness. "As a person with full capacity for civil conduct, tourists should have the ability of independent judgment, improve their safety awareness and be more awed by nature. If tourists are still willful after receiving sufficient risk warnings, they should be responsible for it. " Wang Xudong said.

Weave the safety management protection net together.

The reporter found on the social platform that although Longcaogou is no longer recommended as a scenic spot, there are still many other "wild" scenic spots that are continuously shared and recommended, covering ruins, caves, jungles, canyons and other places. In the context of global tourism, the safety management protection network of "wild" scenic spots needs to be woven together by the government, platforms, travel agencies and tourists.

"Most of these scenic spots are located in remote areas. In case of danger, rescue may be difficult. It is extremely necessary for relevant departments to take effective preventive measures in advance." Wang Xudong said.

Yin Jie also said that government departments should do a good job in comprehensive management, risk monitoring and early warning of scenic spots and non-scenic spots, conduct a comprehensive investigation of potential risks in tourist reception places, strengthen risk information monitoring in conjunction with hydrology, meteorology, transportation, geology, emergency management and other departments, release early warning information in time, implement early hidden danger control measures, and build an emergency response system.

"Sharing risks and difficult adventure routes without explanation will often make tourists ignore potential risks and increase the difficulty of on-site dissuasion." Yin Jie said that for social platforms, we should focus on understanding and mastering the potential risks of tourist reception places, and add risk tips and safety knowledge popularization to content recommendation. When choosing routes and destinations, travel agencies need to comprehensively consider potential risks, surrounding emergency rescue facilities, and territorial safety rescue capabilities, and at the same time clearly inform tourists of possible risks and countermeasures.

The safety awareness of tourists is related to their own safety. Yin Jie believes that tourists should establish a "global" risk awareness, that is, they should recognize that risks may occur at any moment, strengthen self-protection, obtain extensive risk information before visiting, improve their travel emergency skills, reasonably choose tour routes, and abide by tour norms.

Special feature of 1905 film network After three years, Mission Impossible is back. The recipe is familiar, and Ethan Hunt’s old partners are still there.

　

Just last week, Tom Cruise, simon pegg, Henry Cavill and director Christopher Macaulay also made a special trip to Beijing to promote the film in China. Even the press conference was held in the ancestral temple.

　

Although it’s not the first time for several people to come to China, it’s still simon pegg who knows what Asian fans like.After teaching Tom Cruise to compare hearts in the Korean publicity campaign of Mission Impossible 6, several people did it again and again on the red carpet of the ancestral temple.

　

Speaking of this finger-to-heart gesture, simon pegg said,I learned it from fans at the Korean airport.. As a result, the activity of "learning now and selling now" immediately aroused Tom Cruise’s curiosity.

　

In addition to empathy, simon pegg’s Weibo is also quite skilled. See more Hollywood stars holding a piece of paper to verify their identity, and then give it to the staff to take care of; The Weibo painting style of "Simon Gathering" will be much more exotic. I promised to send nude photos after 1 million fans, and the result was my own model posing; There was also a brain cake on Halloween, and the result was screened by the pictures of pig brain flowers of fans.

　

When we asked Weibo about his cake, he said that he just wanted to show off the cake made by his sister, but China fans were so dismissive that they showed their real brains instead.Twitter gave him to the staff, and Weibo’s account was actually updated in person.. Although half of the replies were in Chinese that he didn’t understand, he also had a lot of fun.

　

The audience loves Simon so much. Apart from playing a geek-like assistant in Hollywood movies, it is natural that he collaborated with edgar wright and Nick Frost in the trilogy "Much ado about nothing" and "Blood and Ice Cream". Although edgar wright, who is struggling in Hollywood, has been waiting for cooperation with Simon again, it was Nick Frost who first got together with Simon in the movie.

　

Although Simon and Nick are only cameos in this film, Slaughterhouse Guidelines is the first work of their new production company. Will there be some tribute to my old friend Edgar in the movie? When we asked Simon, he smiled and said that if there was one, it was the director’s intention.

　

British "gay friends" who are also going to Hollywood, when Edgar left to start shooting, simon pegg shuttled through various series of movies that he loved quarterly as a child. After starring in Star Wars, writing a script for Star Trek and collaborating with Spielberg, is there any director simon pegg wants to collaborate with? The answer he gave was unexpected:

　

What director does simon pegg want to cooperate with most now?Cohen brothersAnd the one taken last yearPaul Thomas Anderson. In his view, the two directors have changeable styles and can grasp comedy, thriller and plot at the same time.

　

1905 movie network:You have collaborated with Tom Cruise on three "Mission Impossible" films before, and this is the second collaboration with director Christopher Macaulay. Should it be easy this time?

Simon pegg:I think every time you return to a story you are familiar with, it’s like going home, or getting used to the way things go. With the success of this series, I really feel relaxed. But never lose the challenge. You know the creators will always let you out of your comfort zone. You will learn new things and have many new experiences. I have been looking for the excitement of this series.

　

1905 movie network:At the end of the film, you and Rebecca Ferguson have a fierce confrontation with sean harris, and your character Bangui is even killed. Have you talked to the director about the ending of Bangui?

Simon pegg:Every time we talk about stories before shooting, we will discuss who will live to the end. And this one does have many roles that didn’t last. But in the end, the director thought it would be too much to let Benji die. Because Bangui is a popular character.This is a role that the audience will feel empathy for, because Bangui is similar to them in some places. He is very ordinary. I think killing him is like killing the audience.. But who knows next time?

　

1905 movie network:In this film, we see the growth of Bangui, who has more and more field missions. So in the process of shooting, do you have any stunts that you choose to complete under the impetus of Tom Cruise or the director?

Simon pegg:No, I am happy to do these crazy things. Although I can’t do what Tom did, I will try if there is any chance of stunt performance.For example, the underwater scene, although short, was really played by me.

　

1905 movie network:This should be the most stunt you’ve performed in this series?

Simon pegg:Quite a few. But I also have a scene in "Mysterious Country" where I sit in a car and get chased by many cars. That’s exciting, too I also have a fighting scene in that movie. However, the helicopter and skydiving in this part are left to Tom.

　

1905 movie network:Besides being an actor, you are also a screenwriter. Will you change part of the script or discuss with the director about the increase or decrease of the plot?

Simon pegg:A few lines, mainly Bangui-style lines. I can’t make any changes directly with Chris. Because he is also a good screenwriter. He has great control over the plot and characters, and he is a master. But Bangui itself still has some room to make some language adjustments, and Chris is glad that I will make some changes in this regard.

　

1905 movie network:It can be said that you have cooperated with all your favorite directors. Will there be directors who want to cooperate in the future?

Simon pegg:I want to cooperate with the Cohen brothers. I also want to cooperate with paul thomas anderson.. They are all good directors. The Cohen brothers make movies together, and Paul, and I like all their movies very much. I think the movies they make combine comedy, thriller and plot very well. The style of the film is changeable. They made my favorite movie, so I really want to cooperate with them.

　

1905 movie network:We are all concerned about your work "Slaughterhouse Guidelines" which was reunited with nick frost, and it is also the first work of your production company. Will there be a tribute to the previous trilogy of blood and ice cream?

Simon pegg:The director is Crispin Mills and the screenwriter is Henry Fitzbert. I think this is their movie. I joined as a producer, working with two companies, Promoting Global Media and Sony.So we were co-producers, and we played a small role. The protagonist of the film is a young man. If there is a tribute, it is Crispin’s behavior. (Laughter)

　

1905 movie network:You have many fans on Weibo. Do you remember the picture of the brain cake sent about two years ago? Have you tried brain flower since then?

Simon pegg:I remember that one because the cake is in the shape of a brain. But everyone seems to disagree and think, oh, it’s just a brain. We eat it anyway. I haven’t tried it yet, but I will try it.

　

1905 movie network:The picture of you teaching Tom Cruise to compare feelings is also circulating on the Internet. Where did you learn it?

Simon pegg:I think I learned it that day. I learned it at the airport. I have many lovely Korean fans. They came to meet me at the airport and taught me this way of comparing my heart with my fingers. I started doing it on stage. Tom came to ask, what is this? I said, this is empathy. Tom began to learn. I’m glad to teach Tom a little trick.

　

1905 movie network:You learn these popular things really quickly, and you can use all kinds of filters.

Simon pegg:Yes I sent it to Weibo myself. I basically don’t tweet myself because I want to stay away from Twitter. butWeibo is a very interesting place. Although I can’t understand half of the reply, because it is in Chinese. But I think it’s really great.

1905 movie network:Back to Mission: Impossible-Fallout, the director commented that’ the accident is an opportunity to surpass. Do you think you have encountered a similar situation?

Simon pegg:I think it should be the helicopter scene. Because it’s amazing. We’ve seen it in other movies, and we’ve seen it in other spy movies. Because that’s what spy movies are all about. There are trips, exotic scenery, various variables, and the pursuit of various means of transportation.. But this time Chris interpreted it in a new way, which I think is very powerful.

　　[Pacific Auto Network Technology Channel]What is it? Can realize the automobileSpeed change, torque change, direction change and on-off powerThe device is the transmission. The first car in the world was born in 1886, and the first transmission appeared soon after. It can be said that the development of transmission and automobile are synchronous. At first glance, E-, maybe everyone will naturally think of CVT, that is, CVT. Functionally speaking, E-CVT does have the function of stepless speed change, but structurally speaking, the difference between them is too great. It can even be said that there are two types of transmissions, one is E-CVT and the other is other transmissions.

● Introduction of E-CVT

　　At the beginning, we mentioned that E-CVT is not a simple "electronically controlled continuously variable transmission", so of course it is not circulated on the Internet. It is an electronic version of CVT. Toyota’s official definition is "power distributor", because it does not have complex mechanisms such as traditional gearbox system or gear shaft set, and it is a power distribution mechanism specially prepared for hybrid vehicles. Therefore, there has always been a debate: is E-CVT a transmission?

　

For more articles about gearbox classification, please click the following figure to browse:

　

　　Whether it is a transmission or not, we will discuss it later. What we can see is that the THS( Hybrid System) is becoming more and more mature from 200h to the later hybrid version. As a key component of the whole system, E-CVT undoubtedly plays a vital role.　

● E-CVT structure

　　If you look at it from the perspective of traditional transmission, the structure of E-CVTIt’s really, really simple. Many times, the more perfect things are, the simpler they are. I think this must be the truth. As a masterpiece of hybrid cars, Prius has been carrying the core hybrid technology, so the next analysis takes Toyota Prius as an example.

　　The structure of E-CVT is very simple, only made up ofExternal gear ring(The outer gear ring here connects the No.2 motor and the output shaft at the same time) andplanetary carrier(connection) andSun gear(connected to No.1 motor), that is, the power transmission flow is:No.2 motor — External gear ring — output shaftAt the same time, due to the existence of planetary gear sets, there are also:Engine — Planetary group — External gear ring — output shaft. The following physical picture was taken from a foreign video.

　　If you look closely, you can’t help wondering: Isn’t this the structure? Yes, E-CVT is made up of a planetary gear set reduction mechanism (The red box in the picture above.）。 There is no chain or steel belt in CVT, let alone the torque converter in AT or the double clutch in DCT. So, the problem is coming. . . Ahem. Can an E-CVT with such a simple structure really achieve stepless speed change? The answer is of course!

● E-CVT principle

Overview:

　　In fact, E-CVT is not very complicated only from the perspective of mechanical motion principle. How complicated can the motion of a planetary gear set be? What is complicated is its electronic control unit, that is, the logical principle of electromechanical cooperation. Before introducing the working principle, briefly list some noun notes that will be used below:

PCU：Power Control Unit (Power control unit) This is an essential part of a hybrid car, which contains a voltage converter and an inverter, and can adjust the output voltage of the battery pack. For example, high voltage (about 600V) must be used to supply power to the motor, and the voltage of the battery pack is up to about 200V due to the size limitation, so the transformer is essential. butThe function of inverter is to change DC to AC or vice versa.Because the high-voltage AC motor has the advantages of small size, high efficiency and large size, and the battery pack emits direct current, an inverter is necessary between the motor and the battery pack.

1：That is, motor generator 1 is connected with the sun gear.

MG2：Namely motor generator 2, andExternal gear ringConnect.

　　Attribute diagram of two motors:

　　The engine of Prius is Atkinson engine, which is characterized by good intermediate speed performance, insufficient high and low speed performance and high energy utilization rate;

　　To facilitate understanding, put a simplified E-CVT structure diagram:

　　Next is the power distribution diagram.

　　First of all, we need to be clear about a concept:Power is the product of combination with rotational speed.(power = torque × rotational speed),

　　Then because there are four that canFree revolutionPlanetary gear, it can be imagined that when the gear ring is fixed (that is, the wheel is fixed), the sun gear (MG1) can only drive the planetary gear seat (that is, the engine) to rotate (that is, start the engine process) when the planetary gear rotates;

　　With the rotation of planetary gears, when the ring gear (MG2) rotates forward, the sun gear (MG1) can also rotate backward. Conversely, when the ring gear (MG2) rotates reversely, the sun gear (MG1) can rotate forward again.

　　For example, when the outer ring gear and the sun gear rotate in the same direction, the planetary gears can not rotate, but only revolve, thus driving the gasoline engine to rotate. When the planetary gear seat does not rotate, the ring gear and the sun gear can still rotate freely. It is precisely because of this ingenious characteristic of the planetary gear set,Only when the engine, wheels and motor are connected together can they run without interfering with each other.Therefore, the clutch structure is omitted.

　　S=C×3.6－R×2.6

　　In the formula, s = sun = sun gear, c = carrier = line constellation, and r = ring = outer gear ring.

　　In addition, since the diameters and teeth numbers of the external gear, the sun gear and the planetary gear have been fixed, it can also be obtained according to the formula on the drawing:When the planetary constellation rotates in the middle, the torque ratio allocated to the outer ring gear and the sun gear is certain.. The specific value is about72%Allocated to the external gear (actually 2.6÷3.6),28%Allocated to the sun gear (1-72%). As long as the engine rotates to work, it will not change this basic fact.

　　Then we all know that under a series of different working conditions, the requirements for torque are greatly changed. Traditional power vehicles need a transmission to adjust the output power of the engine. However, in this specific structure of E-CVT, because there are two motors, under different working conditions,According to the above formula. As long as the different rotational speeds of these two motors are controlled, the engine power obtained on the outer gear ring can be changed infinitely, so that the automobile can achieve stepless speed change.

　　As for how the PCU of Prius can control the fuel supply of the engine and the voltage, phase and positive and negative on-off of the two motors in real time according to the running conditions of the car. The control logic involved and the data collection and processing procedures of many sensors are too complicated to be described here. Understand that E-CVT can realize stepless speed change.

　

For more technical channel articles, please click the following link to view:

● Detailed explanation of working conditions

　　The following analyzes the speed change process of E- one by one from various operating conditions:

I. Idle running (hot car)

　　After the start command is issued, it starts (rotates forward) in an instant and drives the start. The whole process is extremely fast and smooth.

　　After the engine is started, it runs at idle speed, and the gasoline engine drives the planetary constellation to rotate forward. Because the wheel (outer ring gear) does not rotate, the forward rotation of the planetary gear set (engine) will drive the sun gear (MG1) to rotate forward through the planetary gears. MG1 no longer receives power from the battery pack, but becomes a generator.Emit alternating current, through the inverter and voltage converter in PCU, it becomes low-voltage DC and charges the battery pack. In short, at idle speed,The whole engine is used to charge the battery pack..

Second, start

　　After the start signal is sent, a small amount of power will be connected to the No.2 motor, and MG2 will start to rotate. Drive the wheel (outer gear ring) to start forward rotation, and the car moves slowly. When you press the accelerator pedal slightly hard, the No.2 motor will get more power and the Prius will accelerate. Because the power of No.2 motor is very high (50KW), the low speed is also very high. Under the control of PCU, the acceleration of the car is very soft.Even by MG2 aloneYou can accelerate the Prius to a considerable speed! This starting process gives full play to MG2.Low speed and high torsionTo make up for the embarrassing situation of insufficient low-speed torque of the engine.

　　It is worth noting that if the engine is not working at this time (starting in pure electric mode), with the increase of the rotational speed of MG2, the rotational speed of MG1 will also increase rapidly. Because the speed of MG1 has an upper limit, when it reaches the upper limit, the engine is forced to start to intervene. There is a critical speed at this time. Although this speed is fixed, it is certain that the greater the intensity of stepping on the accelerator at the start, the earlier the gasoline engine will intervene (actively intervene). If you step on the accelerator all at once, the gasoline will ignite immediately.

　　In most cases, MG2 can smoothly accelerate the Prius to a good speed, but in some cases, there will be a phenomenon of insufficient power. This is what the engine will pass after intervention.Driving MG1 to generate electricity for MG2.andDirectly drive the external gear to rotate to push the wheel.Two ways to output power, it is worth mentioning that these two ways can exist at the same time. As for the proportion of each other, it depends on many factors.

Third, small load acceleration

　　When accelerating under light load, the wheels are mainly driven by MG2. With the speed of MG2 increasing, the speed of reverse rotation of the four planetary gears gradually decreases. When the speed of the gear ring is the same as that of the planetary constellation (engine), the rotation of the planetary gears stops, leaving only revolution. At this time, the planetary constellation (engine) pushes the gear ring (wheel) and sun gear (No.1 motor) through the four planetary gears that are no longer rotating, and the three speeds are consistent. MG1 continues to supply power to MG2 and charges the power battery through PCU. Thereafter, the speed of MG2 continues to increase until the vehicle reaches the target speed. At this time, the sun gear rotation speed is less than the rotation speed of the constellation.

Fourth, heavy load acceleration

　　In the face of heavy load acceleration (such as load starting), the power of MG2 can’t keep up.Engine speed increaseEntering its economic operation range, the power of the engine is greatly improved. Because the torque increase of the engine further drives MG1 to generate electricity and the power obtained by the outer ring gear increases, at the same time, the battery pack will also supply power to MG2. Thanks to this, MG2 enters the "full firepower" mode.

Fourth, driving at a constant speed

　　Driving at a constant speed occurs after the acceleration is completed. At this time, the Prius only needs to overcome all kinds of resistance, and the demand for power and torque is greatly reduced. After the throttle is relaxed, the speed of the gasoline engine decreases, and the speed of the gear ring (wheel) is higher than that of the planetary carrier (gasoline engine). At this time, the four planetary gears began to rotate forward. This forward rotation will drive the sun gear (MG1) to reverse.

　　There is something special here, as we learned from the previous article. When the power from the engine is transmitted to the outer ring gear and the sun gear through the planet carrier, the rotational speeds of the outer ring gear and the sun gear will satisfy the following formula.

　　S=C×3.6－R×2.6

　　When the rotating speed of the outer gear ring is higher than that of the planetary carrier, that is, when R>C, it is obvious that S < 0, that is, it is reversed. However, if the reverse rotation of sun gear at this time is idling (without any resistance), it will rotate so fast that all the power from the engine will be absorbed by MG1 and the external gear ring cannot be driven (because it is obviously much easier to drive sun gear than to drive the external gear ring). Therefore, MG1 will need to work in the motor mode here, so that the planet carrier can’t drive the sun gear to fly at high speed and waste the power of the engine.

　　But wouldn’t that be a waste of electricity? Therefore, in general, when cruising at high speed, MG2 becomes a generator to maintain the rotation of MG1.

　　In fact, during the whole driving process of Prius, the state of acceleration and uniform driving is constantly switching. The phase of voltage and current will be adjusted by PCU according to various operation actions such as stepping on the accelerator and releasing the accelerator, and various driving conditions of the car, and the output power and rotating direction of the motor will be changed instantly, and the functions of the two motors will be switched.

Fifth, slow down

　　In fact, the deceleration is relatively simple, with the engine turned off and the MG1 idling. MG2 is driven by the wheel and becomes a generator to absorb the deceleration energy of the wheel. And charge the battery pack.

Sixth, reverse the car

　　Thanks to the large torque of MG2, the torque MG2 required by the Prius when reversing can be easily provided. The battery pack supplies power to MG2, which drives the external gear ring to reverse, and the vehicle finishes reversing.

　　In the whole driving process of Prius, we can see that it is actually a process in which two motors and engines cooperate with each other to perfectly perform linear output under strict electromechanical conversion logic control. The basis of this perfect cooperation is the special structure of E-CVT. Because power = torque × rotational speed, the planetary gear set structure with proportionally distributed torque and infinitely distributed rotational speed enables the power of the engine to be infinitely distributed to the outer gear ring (i.e. wheels) at any time and place, thus completing all functions of the ordinary stepping gearbox!

　　The following table shows the running state of each gear of E-CVT during the whole process:

　　You can also refer to the following video to improve your understanding of the operating relationship between planetary gears, sun gears and external gear rings.

● Prospect of E-CVT

　　The appearance of gearbox was born in order to meet the different power requirements under various complex working conditions. Before it appeared, drivers needed to judge the road conditions and car conditions themselves to shift up and down in time. The advantage of this method is a strong sense of driving operation. After all, experienced drivers know what kind of power the car needs better than ECU. In addition, the advantages of simple structure, easy maintenance and small size also make the car with manual transmission have a large number of fans no matter where it is suitable.

　　The appearance of automatic gearbox is actually very early, but the real large-scale application was in the 1980 s, and it was also a free ride with the rapid development of electronic technology. Because automatic transmission is not difficult, it is difficult to change the speed more accurately. In the mechanical age, technology is obviously difficult to achieve, but nowadays, more and more intelligent ECU makes automatic transmission more and more able to understand your driving intention. But even so, the automatic gearbox still has defects:There is shift clearance.Even DCT can’t realize the real "stepless speed change".

　　As for the protagonist E-CVT in this paper, it can be said that it has reached the peak of the integration of electromechanical technology in the gearbox field. First of all, its logic control system is very complicated. In addition, it can effectively make up for the short board (low transmission power) of the traditional stepless gearbox, which integratesHigh power, quick response, stepless speed change and extremely high transmission efficiency.And other advantages in one. But it also has disadvantages:The support system is too complicated.We know that once any system is too complicated, the probability of problems will increase exponentially.　

● summary

　　Let’s make a simple summary of E-CVT:

1. Very smooth, extremely smooth

2, the transmission efficiency is high

3, simple structure and small volume

　　Let’s go back to the question at the beginning of the article about whether E-CVT is right or not. Let’s put it this way: If other power sources were not needed to cooperate with it, I’m afraid E-CVT technology would have unified the gearbox field long ago. It is precisely because of this "fatal" defect that it is simply tailored for hybrid models. Writing this analysis is not entirely for the sake of popular science, but I hope that everyone can learn more about this somewhat heterogeneous and unknown transmission structure and its thinking. Because I firmly believe that in the future when fossil energy is exhausted, E-CVT will finally shine!