2025 年 3 月 – 第 2 页 – 爱上海419论坛-阿拉上海后花园419-夜上海最新论坛社区-上海品茶工作室

Online games are not a place beyond morality： where there is a world view, there is morality.

　　The online game ethics Committee was established a few days ago. The Committee reviewed 20 games on its first shot, and made 11 rectification and 9 disapproval decisions.

　　The news about the Network Ethics Committee is short, but the impact will undoubtedly be enormous.

　　In 2018, the online game industry experienced ups and downs. First, since March, the regulatory authorities have closed the record and approval of game version numbers, and blocked a number of games that are already on the road. Games that have been put on the shelves, such as "Survival of the Jedi", cannot be approved for fees, and are in an embarrassing situation of "unable to generate income". Then in April, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism conducted a centralized law enforcement inspection on the online game market. After the middle and late August, the regulatory authorities once again closed the green channel left when the game version number was closed in March, and the Monster Hunter World, which had been put on the shelves for trial operation, was taken off the shelves, and the approval of more games on the shelves became far away. Now, the online game ethics committee has been established and rectified … … The low pressure is approaching the chaos in the online game industry, and winter has arrived.

　　E-sports ≠ Online games, playing games still need to prevent addiction

　　When IG won the championship, many "Internet addiction teenagers" were so excited that they thought it was time to clear the name of the game. However, supervision has not changed anything because of the victory of a team, and it is even stricter.

　　After all, e-sports and playing games cannot be confused after all. Real e-sports is by no means as simple as entertainment. The training requirements of professional players are completely different from those of daily playing games, not to mention the huge capital operation behind it, which is even more unimaginable.

　　"Moderate games are good for the brain, while indulging in games is bad for the body", which is the word that appears on all game login screens in China. Compared with studying hard and working hard to win the respect of the people around you, it is obviously easier to be "a wave of operation is fiercer than a tiger", to be a "great god" and to be at the forefront of the leaderboard, and to "fly with your teammates". In addition, online games not only have reward mechanisms, but also have endless new ways of playing, which constantly promote and increase the stickiness of old players and attract new players. "Online game addiction" has become the hardest hit area of "Internet addiction".

　　The online game "anti-addiction system" and parental management authority have been online for a long time in some games, but the effect is still not satisfactory. False identity registration, registration of multi-number rotation games and other methods can often easily bypass the anti-addiction system. Not to mention the online game products of some small companies, "anti-addiction" is often just a show.

　　Strict management is for better development. At present, the online game industry seems to be caught in a vicious circle of negative effects. On the one hand, the industry needs to develop, and the game needs players; On the other hand, control should be strengthened to prevent netizens, especially young netizens, from indulging in it. To eliminate these negative externalities, we must take a multi-pronged approach and constantly improve detailed management regulations and laws and regulations to make the game industry embark on the road of healthy development.

　　"Rule by virtue" is inevitable, and online games are also in the world.

　　After reviewing 20 items, rectifying 11 items and 9 items were not approved, the first fire of the online game ethics Committee was not small, which also indicates that the chaos in the online game industry caused by extensive management in the past will gradually be changed in the constraints.

　　Some netizens asked where morality should start for games in the virtual world. However, we must recognize that even if it is only a game to kill time, it still has the "moral attribute" of practical significance.

　　The vulgarity, blood, violence, pornography and gambling nature of online games have always been a difficult problem for many young parents. These game settings, which are contrary to the correct moral values of society, can easily exert a subtle influence on the values of players, especially young players with immature minds. However, often these negative elements are more attractive and harmful to players, and it is obviously unrealistic to rely solely on the game companies that pursue interests as an important principle to audit and eliminate the dross themselves.

　　Therefore, the establishment of a special authority and a normalized audit mechanism has become the inevitable way for the healthy development of the game industry.

　　The game is virtual, but the players in it have never been detached from the real world. Online game enterprises should seek profits and the game industry should develop, but they can’t leave the observance of social morality and professional ethics and the responsibility for society. The establishment of "Network Ethics Committee" may be just a start to improve the management of online game industry, but it is foreseeable that the management system that has been called for for a long time, such as game grading, may also be put on the agenda in the near future.

　　It is time! The online game industry, which has developed for many years under the extensive management mode, should be on the right track.

　　(Text/Liu Chang)

Office of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Printing and Distributing the Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Plan (201

Notice of the Office of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Printing and Distributing the Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Plan (2019-2025)
Nongguifa "2019" No.33

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and cities under separate state planning (agriculture and animal husbandry) departments (commissions and bureaus), network offices, agricultural and rural bureaus of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, and network offices:

In order to implement the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Implementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy, the Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022) and the Outline of the Digital Rural Development Strategy, and accelerate the precision of agricultural and rural production and management, intelligent management services, and digital rural governance, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Office of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Committee have formulated the Digital Agricultural and Rural Development Plan (2019-2025), which is now issued.

Office of Central Network Security and Informatization Committee of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Department

December 25, 2019

Digital Agriculture Rural Development Plan (2019-2025)

Catalogue

I. Development situation 5

(A) development effectiveness 5

(B) Development Opportunities and Challenges 7

Second, the general idea 8

(1) Guiding ideology 8

(II) Basic Principle 9

(III) Development Goal 10

Iii. Building a Basic Data Resource System 10

(A) the construction of agricultural natural resources big data 10

(2) Building Big Data of Important Agricultural Germplasm Resources 11

(3) Building rural collective assets big data 11

(D) Building rural homestead big data 11

(V) Improve the big data of farmers and new agricultural business entities 12

Fourth, accelerate the digital transformation of production and operation 12

(A) planting information 12

(B) intelligent animal husbandry 13

(D) Digitalization of seed industry 14

(V) Diversification of new formats 14

(six) the whole process of quality and safety control 15

V. Promoting the digital transformation of management services 15

(A) to establish and improve the agricultural and rural management decision support technology system 15

(2) Improve the monitoring and early warning system for the whole industrial chain of important agricultural products.

(D) the establishment of rural human settlements in ambient intelligence monitoring system 17

(E) Building rural digital governance system 17

Vi. Strengthening innovation in key technologies and equipment 18

(A) to strengthen the key common technology research 18

(B) Strengthening the advanced layout of strategic cutting-edge technologies 18

(3) Strengthening the application and demonstration of technology integration 19

(D) to speed up the development and application of agricultural artificial intelligence 19

Vii. Strengthening the construction of major engineering facilities 20

(A) National Agricultural and Rural Big Data Center Construction Project 20

(II) Construction Project of Integrated Observation System of Sky and Earth in Agriculture and Rural Areas 21

VIII. Safeguards 24

(A) to strengthen organizational leadership 24

(B) increase policy support 25

(3) Strengthening the management of data acquisition 25

(D) Strengthening the support of scientific and technological talents 26

I. Development situation

(A) Development effectiveness

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas, and made a series of major deployment arrangements, such as implementing big data strategy and digital rural strategy, and vigorously promoting "internet plus" modern agriculture. All regions and departments have conscientiously implemented and vigorously promoted the application of digital technology in agriculture and rural areas, and achieved remarkable results.

Digital technology and agricultural and rural areas are accelerating integration. The digitalization of industry has been rapidly promoted, digital technologies such as intelligent perception, intelligent analysis and intelligent control have been accelerated to penetrate into agriculture and rural areas, the construction of big data in agriculture and rural areas has been deepened, the market monitoring and early warning system has been gradually improved, platforms such as traceability of agricultural product quality and safety, basic data of agricultural and veterinary drugs, market information of key agricultural products and direct reporting of new agricultural business entities have been built and used, the construction of single-variety big data has been fully launched, and the construction of big data in seed industry and agricultural technology services has achieved initial results.

New industries and new formats are emerging. E-commerce of agricultural products is booming. In 2018, the online retail sales of agricultural products nationwide reached 554.2 billion yuan, accounting for 9.8% of the total transaction volume of agricultural products. Big data service products based on agricultural products e-commerce and agricultural remote sensing have been continuously enriched, and digital industrialization has been innovated and developed. New formats and models such as customized agriculture, creative agriculture, adopted agriculture and cloud farm are in the ascendant, the rural sharing economy is gradually emerging, and the socialized agricultural service of "internet plus" is accelerated. In 2018, the proportion of agricultural digital economy in agricultural added value reached 7.3%.

The ability of scientific and technological innovation has been continuously improved. The National Engineering Technology Research Center in the field of digital agriculture, the agricultural information technology and agricultural remote sensing discipline group, and the National Smart Agriculture Innovation Alliance have been built one after another, and the construction of smart agriculture laboratories and digital agriculture innovation centers has been accelerated. Agricultural Internet of Things, data science, artificial intelligence and other related majors are generally established in colleges and universities. The construction of digital agriculture standard system has been accelerated, and a number of national and industrial standards such as agricultural Internet of Things application services, perceptual data description and basic specifications of sensing equipment have been introduced one after another. With independent intellectual property rights, sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles, agricultural robots and other technologies are developed and applied, and the agricultural information acquisition technology integrating satellite remote sensing, aerial remote sensing and ground Internet of Things is becoming more and more mature. The agricultural machinery operation monitoring technology based on Beidou automatic navigation has made an important breakthrough and is widely used in wheat cross-regional harvesting.

Facilities and equipment conditions have improved significantly. The proportion of optical fiber access and 4G access in administrative villages in China is over 98%, and the goal of the national "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" is achieved ahead of schedule, and the proportion of broadband access in poor villages is over 94%. There are 29.2 computers and 246.1 mobile phones for every 100 households in rural areas. The application system of agricultural remote sensing, navigation and communication satellites was initially established, and the high-resolution remote sensing satellite "Gaofen-6" suitable for agricultural observation was successfully launched. The monitoring facilities of the Internet of Things have been accelerated, and the cumulative area applied to subsoiling and soil preparation of agricultural machinery has exceeded 150 million mu.

The policy support system was initially established. Documents such as the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" for the development of agricultural and rural informatization, the "internet plus" three-year action plan for modern agriculture, and the implementation opinions on the development of big data in agricultural and rural areas were released, and a policy system for the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas was initially established. The implementation of the project of information entering villages and households has covered 26 provinces, and one third of the administrative villages in the country have established the Yi Nong Information Society. In-depth promotion of digital agriculture construction pilot, agricultural and rural big data pilot, and national Internet of Things application demonstration has created a number of typical models that can be replicated and promoted. A series of supporting policies have been issued in various localities in light of the actual situation, actively promoting the intelligentization of agricultural production, the new mode of online marketing and information management services.

(B) Development opportunities and challenges

The digitalization of agriculture and rural areas is the digitalization of agricultural elements such as organisms and environment, agricultural processes such as production and management, and rural governance. It is a profound revolution. Looking forward to the future, digital agriculture and rural development will usher in a rare opportunity. From an international perspective, a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is in the ascendant, and the application of new generation information technologies such as Internet of Things, Zhilian.com, big data and cloud computing has been accelerated, which has profoundly changed the production and lifestyle, triggered profound changes in the economic structure and industrial form, and formed a general consensus on developing the digital economy. Big data has become a basic strategic resource, and a new generation of artificial intelligence has become an innovation engine. The major developed countries in the world regard digital agriculture as their strategic focus and priority development direction, and have successively introduced strategies such as "Big Data Research and Development Plan", "Agricultural Technology Strategy" and "Agricultural Development 4.0 Framework" to build a new round of industrial revolution and new advantages. Domestically, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to network security and informatization, vigorously promoted the construction of digital China, implemented the strategy of digital countryside, and accelerated the process of 5G network construction, which provided a strong policy guarantee for the development of digital agriculture and countryside. Informatization has developed simultaneously with new industrialization, urbanization and modernization of agriculture and rural areas, the digital gap between urban and rural areas has been bridged rapidly, and the inclusive effect of digital technology has been effectively released, which has provided a strong impetus for the development of digital agriculture and rural areas. China’s agriculture has entered a new stage of high-quality development, the rural revitalization strategy has been implemented in depth, and agricultural and rural areas have accelerated the transformation of development mode, optimized development structure and changed growth momentum.It provides a broad space for the digitalization of agricultural and rural production, operation and management services.

However, it should also be noted that the overall development of digital agriculture and rural areas lags behind and faces many challenges. The development foundation is weak, the data resources are scattered, the ability to obtain data from the integration of space and land is weak, and the coverage rate is low. The construction of big data for the whole industrial chain of important agricultural products and the basic data resource system for agriculture and rural areas has just started. Insufficient innovation ability, lagging research and development of key core technologies, lack of special sensors for agriculture, and poor adaptability of agricultural robots and intelligent agricultural machinery and equipment. Compared with medicine and other fields, the application of digital research in agriculture and rural areas is obviously lagging behind. The level of rural digital governance is low, and there is still a big gap compared with cities. Digital industrialization lags behind, data integration and sharing are insufficient, and development and utilization are insufficient. The proportion of digital economy in agriculture is far lower than that in industry and service industry, which has become a prominent shortcoming in the construction of digital China.

According to comprehensive judgment, the current and the "14th Five-Year Plan" period are important strategic opportunities to promote the digitalization of agriculture and rural areas. We must conform to the trend of the times, seize development opportunities, speed up the popularization and application of digital technology, vigorously enhance digital productivity, seize the commanding heights of digital agriculture and rural areas, promote the high-quality development of agriculture and the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas, and let farmers share the development dividend of digital economy.

Second, the general idea

(A) the guiding ideology

Guided by the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the New Era, we will fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Plenary Sessions of the 19th National Congress, make efforts to build a basic data resource system in accordance with the overall deployment of implementing digital China strategy, rural revitalization strategy and digital rural strategy, with industrial digitalization and digital industrialization as the main development line, digital technology and deep integration of agriculture and rural economy as the main direction, and data as the key production factor. Strengthen the construction of digital production capacity, speed up the digital transformation of agricultural and rural production, operation and management services, strengthen the innovation of key technologies and equipment and the construction of major engineering facilities, promote the interconnection and open sharing of government information systems and public data, comprehensively improve the level of intelligent production, networked operation, efficient management and convenient service in agricultural and rural areas, lead and drive agricultural and rural modernization with digitalization, and provide strong support for realizing comprehensive rural revitalization.

(2) Basic principles

-make overall plans and advance in an orderly manner. Facing the main battlefield of modern agricultural construction, we should grasp the new development trend of digital economy and information technology, strengthen the top-level design, adjust measures to local conditions, make key breakthroughs and advance step by step, and explore the development model of digital agriculture and rural areas with China characteristics.

-data-driven, inclusive sharing. Taking resource integration and data sharing as ways, we will promote data fusion, mining and application, build a sharing platform, realize agricultural and rural data interconnection, resource co-construction and sharing, and business collaboration, and give birth to new digital agriculture and rural industries, new models and new formats, so that farmers can have more sense of gain and happiness.

-innovation-oriented and application-oriented. Facing the major needs of agricultural and rural development, we will focus on the "stuck neck" technology of digital agriculture and rural areas, vigorously promote independent innovation and collaborative research, strengthen pilot demonstration and integrated application, and improve the level of agricultural production and management intelligence and rural governance modernization.

-multi-party participation and joint efforts. We will improve the coordinated promotion mechanism of government guidance, market leadership and social participation, give play to the core driving role of Internet enterprises and agricultural information enterprises, encourage farmers and new agricultural business entities to participate extensively, and form a co-construction pattern in which multiple entities participate.

(3) Development goals

By 2025, important progress will be made in the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas, which will strongly support the implementation of the digital rural strategy. The data collection system of agriculture and rural areas has been established and improved, and the integrated observation network of the sky and the ground, the basic data resource system of agriculture and rural areas and the cloud platform of agriculture and rural areas have been basically completed. The integration of digital technology with agricultural industrial system, production system and management system has been accelerated, the digital transformation of agricultural production and management has made remarkable progress, the digital level of management services has been significantly improved, the proportion of agricultural digital economy has been greatly improved, and the rural digital governance system has been improved day by day.

Third, build a basic data resource system

(A) the construction of agricultural natural resources big data

Using data such as registration of rural land contractual management right, demarcation of permanent basic farmland, storage of high-standard farmland on the map, investigation and monitoring of cultivated land quality, delineation of grain production functional areas and important agricultural products production protection areas, and filing of protected agricultural land, we will build a database of basic information on cultivated land and form big data such as ownership, area, spatial distribution, quality and planting type of basic plots. Conduct surveys on the spatial distribution of fishery waters, fishing boats, fishing ports and fishery navigation marks, and form big data on fishery water resources covering inland waters and important sea areas and fishing grounds around the world.

(2) Building Big Data of Important Agricultural Germplasm Resources

Relying on the unified national seed industry big data platform, we will build a national database of important agricultural germplasm resources, draw a national distribution map of agricultural germplasm resources, and promote digital dynamic monitoring and information supervision and management of crop, livestock, poultry, aquatic products, microorganisms and other germplasm resources. Carry out accurate identification and evaluation of plant and animal phenotypes and genotypes, deeply explore excellent germplasm and genes, and build a molecular fingerprint library to provide big data support for variety breeding, industrial development and industry supervision.

(3) Building big data of rural collective assets

The establishment of collective assets registration, storage, use, disposal and other management electronic ledger, promote the digitalization of rural collective assets information. Collect data on assets verification, property right system reform, registration and coding of collective economic organizations, financial management of collective assets, and build big data on rural collective assets nationwide. Promote the digitalization of national agricultural reclamation assets management and strengthen the supervision over the possession, use, income and disposal of state-owned agricultural assets.

(D) Building big data of rural residential land

Based on the third national land survey, satellite remote sensing and other data information, combined with the registration and certification of the right to use the homestead integrated with real estate, the investigation of the utilization status of rural homesteads and rural houses, the national rural homestead database is constructed, covering the information of homestead units, spatial distribution, area, ownership, restrictions and utilization status. We will promote the informatization construction of homestead distribution, approval, circulation, utilization, supervision and statistical investigation, and improve and update basic data in a timely manner.

(5) Improve the big data of farmers and new agricultural business entities.

Based on the rural land contractual management right confirmation registration database, combined with agricultural subsidies, input supervision, new agricultural business entity information direct reporting, family farm directory and other systems, in accordance with the way of "unified deployment at ministerial level, agricultural business entities reporting at one time, multi-level and multi-party sharing and utilization", the basic data of business entity identity, employment, production management, subsidy issuance, supervision and inspection, input use, training and marketing and other information will be improved and gradually realized.

Fourth, accelerate the digital transformation of production and operation

(A) planting information

Accelerate the development of digital agriculture, dynamically monitor the planting type, planting area, soil moisture, crop growth and disaster situation of important crops by means of satellite remote sensing, aerial remote sensing and ground Internet of Things, release early warning information in time, and improve the informationization level of planting production management. Accelerate the construction of agricultural pest monitoring network and digital plant protection defense system to realize intelligent identification and digital prevention and control of major pests and diseases. Build a digital garden, promote the integrated application of intelligent perception, intelligent analysis and intelligent control technology and equipment in field planting and facility gardening, build an environmental control, precise application of water, fertilizer and medicine, precise planting, intelligent operation and scheduling monitoring of agricultural machinery, and intelligent grading and decision-making system, develop intelligent "workshop agriculture" and promote intelligent management of planting production and operation.

(B) intelligent animal husbandry

Build a digital breeding pasture, promote the intelligent transformation of equipment such as ventilation and temperature control, air filtration and environmental awareness in livestock and poultry houses, integrate and apply digital equipment such as electronic identification, accurate feeding and livestock manure treatment, accurately monitor the number of inputs and outputs of livestock and poultry breeding, and realize the monitoring and accurate feeding of livestock and poultry breeding in ambient intelligence. Accelerate the application of intelligent monitoring technology of individual signs, and strengthen the accurate diagnosis, early warning, prevention and control of animal diseases. Promote the direct reporting of data from farms (slaughter, feed, veterinary drug enterprises, etc.), and build a dynamic database of "one yard for one farm (enterprise) and one standard for one animal (poultry)" to realize the interconnection of information in all aspects of animal production, circulation and slaughter. Accelerate the construction of a digital dairy cloud platform.

Promote smart aquaculture, build an aquaculture production and management system based on the Internet of Things, promote the popularization and application of digital technologies and equipment such as real-time monitoring of water environment, accurate feeding of bait, disease monitoring and early warning, control of circulating water equipment, automatic lifting control of cages, and drone cruising, and develop digital fishing grounds. Focusing on the national marine pasture demonstration area, we will promote the construction of a visual, intelligent and information system for marine pastures. Vigorously promote the application of Beidou navigation technology and Tiantong communication satellite in marine fishing, speed up the construction of digital communication base stations, and upgrade and transform marine terminals and digital fishing equipment such as satellite communication, positioning navigation and anti-collision of fishing boats. Strengthen the basic research on digital technology of offshore fishing, improve the information collection and analysis ability of offshore fishing resources development and utilization, and promote the application of video surveillance of offshore fishing boats. Develop the networking of fishing vessels, promote the intelligent navigation, operation and control of fishing vessels, and build a comprehensive fishing port management system covering fishery law enforcement, fishing vessel entry and exit reports, electronic fishing logs, traceability of catches, dynamic monitoring of fishing vessels and video monitoring of fishing ports.

(D) Digitization of seed industry

Accelerate the research and development and in-depth application of big data in seed industry, establish information capture, multi-dimensional analysis and intelligent evaluation models, carry out intelligent data mining and analysis covering the whole chain of seed industry such as scientific research, production and management, and build an intelligent service platform. According to the needs of commercial animal and plant breeding, the technology and equipment for obtaining phenotypic information of animals and plants are developed and popularized, and the Qualcomm quantity of massive phenotypic character data is obtained. Strengthen the development and identification of resources, establish and improve the gene database and phenotype database of variety resources, and provide support for deep gene mining. Combined with the digital intelligent breeding auxiliary platform, data such as genomics, proteomics and phenotypes are mined, and an optimized breeding scheme for directional target traits is formulated, so as to accelerate the transformation from "empirical breeding" to "precise breeding" and gradually realize customized design breeding. Make overall use of production and business license, production filing and sky-ground integrated monitoring means, accelerate the application of digital technology in seed production base, breeding livestock and poultry farm, aquatic seed farm and trading market supervision, and improve the intelligent supervision level of seed industry. Open up the horizontal connection of databases, provide "one-stop" comprehensive query and business handling of seed industry data, technology, services, policies and laws, optimize the function of mobile APP of national seed industry big data platform, and promote the innovation of seed industry service model.

(E) Diversification of new formats

Encourage the development of new Internet-based formats such as crowdfunding agriculture and customized agriculture, and innovate and develop network business models such as shared agriculture and cloud farms. Deepen the comprehensive demonstration of e-commerce in rural areas, implement the "internet plus" project of agricultural products leaving the village and entering the city, promote artificial intelligence and big data to empower rural physical stores, and comprehensively open up online and offline marketing channels for agricultural products. Encourage the development of intelligent leisure agriculture platform, improve the digital map of leisure agriculture, guide rural tourism demonstration counties and beautiful leisure villages (fishing villages and farms) to carry out online business, and promote new business models such as public participatory evaluation, digital creative roaming and immersive experience. Promote cross-industry and cross-domain data integration and service expansion, deeply develop and utilize data resources such as agricultural production, market transactions and agricultural inputs, promote business models such as credit, insurance and supply chain finance based on big data, and innovate service methods such as supply and demand analysis, technology promotion and product marketing.

(VI) Whole process of quality and safety control

Promote the standardization of agricultural products production, formulate key standards such as classification and grading of agricultural products, and promote the construction of agricultural products information standard system throughout the industrial chain. Promote the identification of agricultural products, and guide the production and operation entities to add quality certification, product name and place of origin, trademark and brand identification to the agricultural products listed for sale. Promote the traceability of agricultural products, improve the national agricultural product quality and safety traceability management information platform, establish a certificate system for edible agricultural products, promote the information supervision of agricultural product quality and safety, and establish a linkage mechanism between traceability management, risk early warning and emergency recall. We will generally implement the purchase card system for farmers’ agricultural materials, and strengthen the filing and management of agricultural materials business entities. Collect data on production and operation, supervision and inspection of seeds (seedlings, breeding livestock and poultry), pesticides, fertilizers, feeds, veterinary drugs and other data, and construct a county-based input supervision traceability and data collection mechanism.

V. Promoting the digital transformation of management services

(A) establish and improve the agricultural and rural management decision support technology system.

Relying on the basic data resource system of agriculture and rural areas, we will build a big data platform for agriculture and rural areas, use technologies such as big data analysis, mining and visualization, establish relevant knowledge bases and model bases, and develop functional modules such as planting, animal husbandry and veterinary, fishery and fishery administration, supervision and management, science and technology education, resources and environment, international cooperation, government administration, statistical reporting and rural social undertakings, so as to provide market early warning, policy evaluation, supervision and law enforcement, resource management, public opinion analysis and rural governance.

(2) Improve the monitoring and early warning system for the whole industrial chain of important agricultural products.

Strengthen the production and market monitoring of important agricultural products, strengthen the real-time collection and monitoring of production data, guide and encourage Tiantou market and wholesale market to conduct transactions by electronic settlement, promote the real-time collection and interconnection of information on trading links in key markets such as agricultural products wholesale market, supermarkets and e-commerce platforms, and build big data on agricultural products market transactions integrating trading subjects, trading varieties, trading volume and trading price. Construction of global agricultural data survey and analysis system, development and utilization of global agricultural production and trade data. Improve the information collection system for enterprises’ foreign agricultural investment and overseas agricultural products transactions. Strengthen agricultural information monitoring and early warning, expand and improve the daily monitoring of agricultural product market prices, monthly and quarterly analysis of supply and demand situation, balance sheet of supply and demand of important agricultural products, medium and long-term agricultural outlook and other information release and services. Build a monitoring and evaluation system for agricultural and rural modernization and develop an analysis system for agricultural and rural economic operation. Establish an analysis system for the economic operation of agriculture going global, and strengthen the analysis of agricultural utilization of international market resources.

In-depth implementation of the project of information entering villages and households, optimization and upgrading of online services in rural communities, speeding up the construction of beneficial agricultural information societies, and improving social service management. Improve the agricultural science and technology information service platform and encourage agricultural experts to solve production problems for farmers online. Guide all kinds of social subjects to use information network technology to carry out agricultural productive services in the fields of market information, agricultural materials supply, waste resource utilization, agricultural machinery operation, primary processing of agricultural products, agricultural meteorology "personal tailor", and promote the convenience of public welfare services and operational services. Collect management statistics such as the ownership of agricultural machinery and equipment and important agricultural time operation scheduling data, and strengthen online monitoring and information service of agricultural machinery operation safety. Strengthen the construction and integration of international and domestic agricultural science and technology innovation big data closely related to agricultural science and technology innovation subjects, innovation activities and innovation outputs, and focus on promoting the integrated governance of agricultural science and technology literature big data, agricultural science big data and agricultural scientific research management big data. We will build a number of farmers’ entrepreneurial innovation centers, carry out online display and transaction matching of agricultural products, rural handicrafts, rural tourism, hotel catering, etc., and collect, publish and accurately push rural labor employment and entrepreneurship information in real time.

(D) the establishment of rural human settlements in ambient intelligence monitoring system.

Combined with the improvement of human settlements, we will carry out a thorough investigation and regular monitoring, gather relevant data resources, and establish a database of rural human settlements. Establish a long-term fixed-point observation system for agricultural wastes such as straw, plastic film and livestock manure, and study and promote remote monitoring of rural water sources, large-scale aquaculture plants, rural domestic garbage disposal sites and agricultural waste disposal sites. Encourage the development of new services such as data mining and business analysis of rural human settlements. Guide farmers to actively participate in the network supervision of rural human settlements and jointly safeguard the green living environment.

(E) Building a rural digital governance system

Promote the extension of "internet plus" community to rural areas, improve the informatization level of village-level comprehensive services, and gradually realize the online operation of village-level affairs such as information release, public sentiment collection, deliberation and consultation, and public services. Accelerate the informationization of rural planning management, and promote the storage, online inquiry and real-time tracking of rural planning. Promote online management of rural infrastructure construction and rural public service supply.

Sixth, strengthen the innovation of key technologies and equipment

(A) to strengthen key common technology research.

Aiming at the great demand of agricultural and rural modernization and rural revitalization strategy, we will focus on overcoming the high-quality, high-precision, high-reliability, low-power agricultural production environment and special sensors for animal and plant physiological signs, and fundamentally solve the problem of obtaining Qualcomm information of digital agriculture. Break through new knowledge service technologies such as agricultural big data integration management technology, agricultural information intelligent analysis and decision-making technology, cloud service technology, agricultural knowledge intelligent push and intelligent answer, and build a model of animal and plant growth information acquisition and production regulation mechanism. Break through key equipment technologies such as special sensors for agricultural machinery equipment, agricultural machinery navigation and automatic operation, precision operation and intelligent operation and maintenance management of agricultural machinery, promote integrated research and system demonstration of agricultural machinery agronomy and information technology, and realize information perception, quantitative decision-making, intelligent control, precise investment and personalized service of agricultural machinery operation. Research and development of agricultural products quality and safety rapid analysis and detection and cold chain logistics technology, and promote the application of quality fission detection, agricultural products automatic grading packaging line, intelligent temperature control system and so on.

(2) Strengthen the advanced layout of strategic frontier technologies.

Facing the forefront of science and technology in the world, the country’s major needs and the key areas of digital agriculture and rural development, we will formulate a roadmap for the development of digital agriculture technology, focus on breaking through the basic technologies and general technologies in the digital agriculture and rural areas, and lay out cutting-edge technologies and subversive technologies in advance. Establish a scientific and technological innovation support mechanism that combines long-term task entrustment with dynamic adjustment of phased tasks, strengthen the basic research and development and frontier layout of new technologies such as flexible processing of agricultural products, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and cognitive analysis of big data, and form a series of strategic technical reserves and product reserves of digital agriculture. Build a discipline system and innovation network to support cutting-edge technology research, strengthen Industry-University-Research’s collaborative research, and build a first-Mover advantage to support high-end leadership. Accelerate the breakthrough of core technologies such as large-scale networking of agricultural blockchain and data collaboration between the chain and the offline, strengthen the research on standardization of agricultural blockchain, and promote the innovative application of blockchain technology in agricultural resource monitoring, quality and safety traceability, rural finance and insurance, and transparent supply chain. Actively carry out the application research of 5G technology in the agricultural field, and establish and improve the intelligent agricultural technology system led by 5G.

Focus on key areas, key fields and key varieties, carry out integrated application and demonstration of 3S, intelligent perception, model simulation, intelligent control and other technologies and software and hardware products, and mature and popularize a number of digital agricultural rural technology models and typical examples. Strengthen the integration and service of digital agricultural science and technology innovation data and platform. Strengthen the construction of rural standard system for digital agriculture, and establish standards and specifications such as data standards, data access and services, and software and hardware interfaces.

(D) Accelerate the development and application of agricultural artificial intelligence

Implement the development strategy of agricultural robots, develop a new generation of agricultural robots with strong adaptability, high cost performance and intelligent decision-making, and accelerate the development of standardization and industrialization. We will tackle key core technologies and products, focusing on key technologies such as motion control, position perception and manipulator control. Adapt to different crops and different working environments, and develop universal robots and special robots such as grafting, cutting, transplanting and farmland. For the purpose of efficient automation of animal husbandry production, an automatic auxiliary robot for grazing, feeding, milking, grading, diagnosis and handling is developed. Develop underwater aquaculture robots such as fish tracking, feeding and disease diagnosis. Strengthen the intelligent integration and application demonstration of UAV, focus on overcoming the key technologies of UAV vision, promote the development of single-machine intelligence to cluster intelligence, develop artificial intelligence carrying terminals, and realize real-time functions such as agricultural and forestry plant protection, aerial photography, inspection and production measurement.

Seven, strengthen the construction of major engineering facilities.

(1) National Agricultural and Rural Big Data Center Construction Project

According to the deployment requirements of "Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Action Plan for Promoting Big Data Development" on the implementation of modern agricultural big data project, we will build a unified and open national agricultural and rural big data center, realize data resource sharing and intelligent early warning analysis, and improve the management service ability and scientific decision-making level in agricultural and rural areas.

1. National agricultural and rural cloud platform. Focusing on enhancing the computing and storage capacity of agricultural and rural big data and agricultural and rural government affairs business systems, we will build a national agricultural and rural cloud covering the agricultural and rural departments of the central government, provinces, cities and counties. Lease and utilize social public cloud infrastructure, build an open cloud of big data in agriculture and rural areas, and gather thematic data in various industries and fields. Integrate existing hardware resources, improve information networks, servers and other facilities and equipment, build a private cloud for big data in agriculture and rural areas, and store core business data. According to the unified standards, data sharing, intersection, calculation and analysis will be carried out to form an agricultural and rural data convergence hub that is cross-departmental, cross-regional and cross-industry.

2. National agricultural and rural big data platform. Integrate data information resources of agricultural and rural sectors, improve data resource management capabilities of industries such as collective asset supervision, agricultural germplasm resources and rural residential sites, and bring together big data of farmers and new production and operation entities, big data of agricultural natural resources, big data of important agricultural germplasm resources, big data of rural collective assets and big data of rural residential sites to build a "one picture" of national agricultural and rural data resources. Build a unified platform for data aggregation, governance, analysis and decision-making, realize data monitoring and early warning, decision-making assistance, display and sharing, and provide data support for agricultural and rural development.

3. National agricultural and rural government information system. According to the overall deployment of the national government information engineering construction, and in accordance with the requirements of "six unifications" (user management, access management, resource management, authorization management, process management and safety audit), we will improve the data support capabilities of global agricultural data investigation and analysis, comprehensive management of fishing ports, comprehensive monitoring and supervision of farmland construction, and collaborative innovation of agricultural and rural scientific research, and build a unified national agricultural and rural government information system. The establishment of government information system construction standard system, security system and operation and maintenance management system, promote the realization of technology integration, data integration, business integration, and provide support for agricultural and rural operation management and scientific decision-making.

(two) the construction project of the integrated observation system of agriculture and rural areas.

According to the "Opinions on Innovating System and Mechanism to Promote the Green Development of Agriculture" issued by the General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council, we will build the infrastructure and application system of agricultural and rural observation network integrating sky and land, and realize real-time dynamic observation of agricultural production and rural environment in the whole field, whole process and full coverage.

1. Construction and application project of space-based observation network in agriculture and rural areas. Using the existing and planned remote sensing, navigation, communication satellite resources and various commercial satellite resources of the national space infrastructure, we will give full play to the advantages of red-edge multi-spectrum, wide-spectrum and radar in agricultural and rural observation, focus on building new remote sensing satellites and ground application facilities that meet the needs of agricultural and rural development, and scientifically network with in-orbit remote sensing satellites to form an agricultural remote sensing observation constellation, build an agricultural space-based network, and form an agricultural remote sensing observation capability with routine monitoring and rapid response.

2. Agricultural and rural aviation observation network construction and application projects. Focusing on the needs of high-precision investigation in agriculture and rural areas and emergency monitoring of sudden major agricultural natural disasters, we will focus on building an agricultural and rural aviation monitoring network composed of national centers and provincial sub-centers, purchase advanced UAV platforms such as long-endurance fixed wings and high-mobility multi-rotors, and equip them with special multi-spectral, hyperspectral, lidar, terahertz and other new remote sensors to develop UAV navigation, flight control, operation monitoring and rapid data processing platforms suitable for China’s agricultural production characteristics and different regional needs, so as to enhance regional high-precision observation and rapid emergency response capabilities.

3. Agricultural Internet of Things observation network construction application project. Integrate the use of agricultural remote sensing to monitor the Internet of Things data collection facilities in the ground network counties, agricultural Internet of Things experimental demonstration areas (points), agricultural scientific observation test (monitoring) stations (points), digital agriculture experimental counties and modern agricultural parks, strengthen the real-time observation and data collection capabilities on the ground, improve the analysis accuracy, and form a unified national agricultural and rural ground Internet of Things data survey system.

According to the decision-making and deployment of the Outline of Digital Rural Development Strategy, we will accelerate the construction of big data in the whole industrial chain of important agricultural products and build a comprehensive service platform for digital agriculture and rural areas.

1. National Digital Agriculture and Rural Innovation Center Construction Project. In order to enhance the independent innovation ability of digital agriculture in rural areas, we will build national innovation centers in the fields of digital agriculture integration, digital planting, digital animal husbandry, digital fishery, digital seed industry and digital agricultural equipment around key common technology research, advanced layout of strategic cutting-edge technologies, application and demonstration of technology integration and research and application of agricultural artificial intelligence; Focusing on promoting the informationization of planting management, intelligence of animal husbandry, intelligence of fishery, digitalization of seed industry and the whole process of quality and safety control, we will build professional sub-centers in the fields of rice, wheat, cotton, potato and other fields, protected gardening, orchards, poultry and eggs, pigs, beef and sheep, dairy cows, freshwater aquaculture, offshore aquaculture, marine pasture, offshore fishing, crop breeding, animal breeding, tropical crops and quality and safety traceability. Improve special facilities and R&D bases, develop innovative platforms for technical research, equipment R&D and system integration, and promote the deep integration of digital technology and agricultural industry.

2. Big data construction projects for the whole industrial chain of important agricultural products. In order to improve the scientific level of production and management decision-making and guide market expectation, relying on institutions with strong technical strength and leading and leading position in the industry, we will build wheat, rice, corn, soybeans, cotton, rapeseed, sugar cane, peanuts, natural rubber, apples, oranges, vegetables, potatoes, tea, broilers, eggs, pigs, sheep, beef cattle, cows, fish, shrimps, etc. Establish a service model for data cleaning, mining and analysis in production, processing, storage and transportation, sales, consumption and trade, improve the monitoring and early warning system for market and industrial damage of important agricultural products, and develop and provide service products such as production situation, market price and balance between supply and demand.

3. Digital agriculture pilot construction project. In order to strengthen the construction of data resources in important areas and key links in the county, build a comprehensive information service system, and comprehensively promote the comprehensive application and integrated demonstration of digital technology, relying on county-level agricultural and rural departments or their subordinate enterprises and institutions, select counties and cities where the grain production function zone, important agricultural product production protection zone, characteristic agricultural product advantage zone, national agricultural green development pioneer zone, national modern agricultural demonstration zone and national modern agricultural industrial park are located. We will build a number of digital agriculture pilot projects, promote digital transformation in the fields of planting, animal husbandry, fishery and quality and safety supervision, and explore a replicable and scalable construction model.

VIII. Safeguard measures

(A) to strengthen organizational leadership

Under the framework of the national overall planning and coordination mechanism for the construction and development of digital villages, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and the Central Network Information Office, together with relevant departments, make overall plans to promote the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas, study major policies, major issues and key work arrangements, and follow up and supervise the implementation of planning tasks. Establish planning implementation and work promotion mechanisms, and strengthen policy convergence and work coordination. All localities should combine the actual development, formulate planning and implementation plans, refine policies and measures, and make overall plans to promote the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas in the region. Agricultural and rural authorities at all levels should integrate the digital concept into the whole process of agricultural and rural work, speed up the digital transformation of workflow, and build a management system for digital agricultural and rural development. Relying on the Advisory Committee of Experts on Agricultural and Rural Informatization, we will strengthen the guidance of digital agricultural and rural construction and provide intellectual support for scientific decision-making and project implementation. Establish a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for the development level of agricultural and rural informatization and carry out regular monitoring.

(2) Increase policy support.

All localities should increase investment in the development of digital agriculture and rural areas, explore ways such as government purchasing services, cooperation between government and social capital, and discount loans, attract social forces to participate extensively, and guide industrial and commercial capital and financial capital to invest in the construction of digital agriculture and rural areas. Give priority to land for major infrastructure construction projects in digital agriculture and rural areas, and enjoy subsidies for qualified digital agricultural special equipment and agricultural Internet of Things equipment in accordance with relevant regulations. Promote the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services" reform in the agricultural and rural areas, optimize the management service process, and create a good development environment. Actively support and cultivate the main body of digital industrialization in agriculture and rural areas.

Consolidate and upgrade the existing monitoring and statistical channels, improve the infrastructure of original data collection, transmission, summary, management and application, strengthen the capacity building of data mining, analysis and application, and establish and improve the agricultural and rural data collection system. Using ground observation, sensors, remote sensing and geographic information technology, real-time collection of agricultural production environment, production facilities and animal and plant ontology perception data. Carry out Internet data mining, obtain enterprise and social data by means of government purchasing services, and promote the integration of offline data and online data. On the premise of complying with relevant laws and regulations, actively integrate all kinds of agricultural and rural data resources, and rely on the agricultural and rural big data platform to realize unified data management and online sharing. We will study and introduce open policies and management norms for data sharing, formulate a open directory project list for sharing big data resources in agriculture and rural areas, and gradually promote data sharing among units, agriculture-related departments and central and local governments. In addition to the classified data stipulated by the state, we will accelerate the collaborative management and integration of agricultural and rural data resources and gradually open them to the public.

(D) Strengthen the support of scientific and technological talents

Establish a digital agricultural rural science and technology innovation system, take digital agricultural rural science and technology research as the support focus of major national special projects and key research and development plans, and establish a modern agricultural industrial technology system digital agricultural rural science and technology innovation team. Cooperate with scientific research institutions, universities, enterprises and other parties to cultivate a number of leading talents, engineers and high-level management teams in digital agriculture and rural areas. Strengthen the training of digital agriculture and rural business, carry out the activities of talents going to the countryside in the field of digital agriculture and rural areas, popularize the relevant knowledge of digital agriculture and rural areas, and improve the application and management level of digital technology for "three rural" cadres, new business entities and high-quality farmers. Establish a scientific talent evaluation and incentive system to give full play to the enthusiasm and initiative of talents.

This plan is formulated in order to implement the Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Implementing the Rural Revitalization Strategy, the Rural Revitalization Strategic Plan (2018-2022) and the Outline of the Digital Rural Development Strategy, and accelerate the precision of agricultural and rural production and management, intelligent management services and digitalization of rural governance.

Attachment: Notice of the Office of the Central Cyber Security and Informatization Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Printing and Distributing the Digital Agriculture and Rural Development Plan (2019-2025)

Notice of the Emergency Management Department on Printing and Distributing the Plan for Safe Production of Hazardous Chemicals in the Tenth Five-Year Plan

(B) hidden investigation and management system.

Improve the system of investigation and management of hidden dangers in enterprises.Implement the guidelines for the investigation and management of safety risks and hidden dangers of hazardous chemicals enterprises, and formulate detailed guidelines for the investigation of hidden dangers in key sub-sectors. Establish a hidden danger investigation and management system in which the person in charge of the enterprise organizes all employees to participate, based on the classified management and control of security risks, organize regular investigations, and implement closed-loop management of self-examination, self-improvement and self-reporting. Promote qualified enterprises to establish a support platform for online and offline integration of hidden dangers investigation and management.

Carry out special investigation and rectification.We will further promote routine special inspections with major hazard sources and key industries as the main targets, and timely organize unconventional special investigations and rectifications with lessons learned from accidents and hidden dangers during major events. fromSelect key processes (hereinafter referred to as high-risk processes) from the list of 18 hazardous chemical processes, and select key chemicals (hereinafter referred to as high-risk chemicals) from the list of 74 hazardous chemicals and the list of 20 specially controlled hazardous chemicals to implement special rectification actions, so as to effectively prevent safety risks in key parts and key links. Establish and improve the supervision and notification system for key special rectification, improve the system of assigning and supervising major hidden dangers rectification, and compact the responsibility for hidden dangers rectification. Improve and perfect the local supervision and inspection mechanism of "land elimination cooperation". Implement the reward system for reporting hidden dangers and strengthen social supervision.

Strengthen expert guidance services.We will carry out in-depth expert guidance services in key counties of hazardous chemicals at the national and provincial levels, promote each key county to cultivate a localized team of experts, build a training base in the service area, and create an online and offline employee training space for enterprises above designated size. Focus on high-risk processes and high-risk chemical storage facilities, and accurately carry out expert guidance services. Promote the expansion of expert guidance services to high-consequence areas of oil and gas pipelines, high-risk areas of well control and offshore high-risk oil and gas production facilities. Strengthen the construction of expert database in sub-sectors and gather a group of high-level industry experts.

　special column2 　Key measures for the construction of hidden danger investigation and management system 　

Establish an enterprise hidden danger investigation and management system.Establish a hidden danger investigation and management system based on safety risk classification management and control. Formulate standards for the investigation and management of hidden dangers in high-risk chemicals and high-risk process segmentation. Promote the digital transformation of hidden danger investigation and management, strengthen the application of information technology such as video intelligent analysis in intelligent identification of hidden dangers, and realize the closed-loop rate of self-inspection, self-change and self-reporting of hidden dangers by major hazard enterprises by means of digital information.100%。

Deepen special investigation and rectification.Continue to carry out routine inspections of major hazard sources and promoteThe supervision and inspection mode of "cooperation in eliminating land" is innovated and developed, the work guide is standardized, the evaluation system is optimized, and the full coverage of the two centralized inspections every year is realized. Organize the special investigation and rectification of more than 10 kinds of high-risk processes and high-risk chemicals under the guidance of experts.

Establish a supervision system for hidden dangers rectification.According to the principle of overall responsibility at the provincial level and implementation by cities and counties, the level of supervision is classified and determined, and supporting notification, interview and law enforcement rules are formulated, and the supervision rate of major hidden dangers is rectified.100%。

Establish a normalized hidden danger investigation expert guidance service mechanism.Take various forms such as self-training, purchasing services, and counterpart assistance to establish a normalized expert guidance service mechanism for hidden danger investigation, so as to achieve full coverage of expert guidance services for hidden danger investigation in key counties of hazardous chemicals and chemical parks.

(3) Safety prevention and control system.

Insist on moving the gateway forward and preventing the source, improve and implement the basic system, highlight the management and control of major safety risks, comprehensively improve the level of chemical risk identification, precise supervision of major hazard sources, classified management and control of high risks and enterprise safety management, and build a comprehensive, powerful, platform-supported, accurate and effective safety prevention and control system.

Improve the management of chemical registration and identification.Improve the chemical registration and identification system, implement the registration of chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises, and build a high-standard database. Promote enterprise, mobile and"One enterprise, one product, one code" management and other functions are applied to realize automatic generation, convenient inquiry and efficient delivery of "one book, one sign".

Strict safety license management.Strictly implement the safety license for chemical construction projects involving high-risk processes according to law, forcing new chemical projects to meet the licensing requirements in terms of design, equipment and personnel. Continue to carry out"Red, orange" risk level enterprise safety licensing conditions "look back".

Highlight the safety risk control of major hazard sources.Revise the interim provisions on the supervision and management of major hazard sources of hazardous chemicals. Expand and deepen the functional development and application of the online monitoring and early warning system for major hazard sources, promote the iterative upgrading and dynamic optimization of the system, distinguish between special control (red), key concern (yellow) and general supervision (green), and establish and improve the normalization mechanism of safety risk classification control and dynamic monitoring and early warning for major hazard sources enterprises. Implement the management and control of the three-level responsible persons of major hazard sources in enterprises, clarify the main person in charge, technical person in charge and operation person in charge of each major hazard source, and strictly implement the responsibility of safety guarantee. Promote the establishment and improvement of safety risk assessment mechanism for large oil and gas storage enterprises.

Strengthen the safety risk control of high-risk chemicals and high-risk processes.Deepen the reaction safety risk assessment of fine chemical enterprises, establish a safety risk assessment mechanism for the whole process of fine chemical production processes involving nitration, chlorination, fluorination, diazotization and peroxidation, and continuously improve the requirements of civil air defense, physical defense and technical defense. Study and formulate safety risk management and control standards for high-risk chemicals and high-risk process segments. Build and deepen the service guided by experts,"One enterprise, one policy" rectification, sound long-term mechanism, and implementation of combined governance measures focusing on "looking back" will form a safety risk prevention and control mechanism in high-risk sub-sectors.

Improve the safety management level of enterprises.Adhere to the classification policy and pilot first, and promote the digital construction of enterprise dual prevention mechanism. Promote the standardization of safety production based on the management of safety factors in chemical process, and improve the scientific and systematic level of safety management. Encourage qualified enterprises to learn from the international advanced safety management system. Guide and promote small and medium-sized enterprises to continuously strengthen safety management.

　special columnthree 　Key measures for the construction of safety prevention and control system 　

Implement the upgrading of the chemical registration system.Around the service network, system functions, convenience measures, etc., comprehensively upgrade and transform the registration system and expandThe standardized compilation of "one book, one sign", the unique safety information code management of each hazardous chemical in each enterprise, multi-condition statistical analysis and other functions effectively serve emergency management departments at all levels and hazardous chemicals production and import, chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises. Based on the registration system, we will promote information sharing and build "one enterprise and one file".

Promote the digital construction of dual prevention mechanism in enterprises.Cultivate pilot enterprises, summarize and popularize pilot practices, formulate and improve construction guidelines and other norms, and gradually realize the full coverage of digital application of dual prevention mechanisms for major hazard enterprises.

Establish a safety guarantee mechanism for major hazard sources.Introduce the responsibility system for the safety and guarantee of major hazard sources, promote the clear implementation of the responsibility for safety and guarantee of each major hazard source from three levels: overall management, technical management and operation management, and realize linkage with the safety risk monitoring and early warning system of dangerous chemicals.

Upgrade the safety risk monitoring and early warning system for major hazard sources.Relying on the project to improve the safety risk monitoring and early warning capability of hazardous chemicals, the system functions and infrastructure will be upgraded, and the departments, provinces, cities, counties, parks and enterprises will be connected up and down and networked for control. Expand the application functions of the monitoring and early warning system, do the core functions such as monitoring and early warning, inspection and inspection, safety commitment, and on-duty duty, formulate measures to connect the system application with supervision and law enforcement, and promote the continuous iterative upgrade of the system.

Strict implementation of safety production license on-site inspection management.The issuance of safety production licenses for new forensics enterprises, first-and second-class major hazard source enterprises and high-risk process enterprises shall be subject to on-site verification by the provincial organizations, and the access points shall be strictly controlled.

(D) Intrinsic safety development system.

Adhere to overall development and safety, conform to the general trend of industrial development, strengthen industrial transfer, prevention and control of safety risks of old devices, and carry out in-depth upgrading and upgrading of chemical parks, classification and rectification of enterprises, and illegal activities.Special rectification such as "small chemical industry" governance will build an intrinsically safe development pattern with strict access, standardized layout and advanced technology.

Strengthen planning guidance.Promote the provinces, municipalities and key chemical parks involved in the chemical industry to combine the actual situation, clarify the industrial positioning, establish a coordination and communication mechanism for multi-sectoral planning, and formulate and improve the development plan of the chemical industry. Promote the development and improvement of hazardous chemicals in cities divided into districts.The catalogue of "Prohibition and Restriction Control" strictly controls the construction projects involving toxic gases and explosives such as phosgene, chlorine and ammonia, and it is strictly forbidden to settle down in different places and enter the park. Strictly implement the land and space planning where the chemical park is located, and strictly control the development and utilization of land around the chemical park.

Standardize the safety risk management and control of chemical parks.Introduce the identification method of chemical parks, and promote the formulation and introduction of safety access conditions for new chemical projects in chemical parks. Guided by safety risk assessment, carry out expert guidance services in chemical parks and implementMajor safety risk prevention and control projects, in-depth implementation of the guidelines for the investigation and management of safety risks in chemical parks, and comprehensively promote"One Park, One Policy" will be improved to realize the centralized layout and cluster development of chemical parks and reduce the safety risk level. Carry out pilot demonstrations and build a number of smart chemical parks with high intrinsic safety level.

strictDesign management.Strictly implement the lawQualification requirements for design units of large-scale chemical construction projects with "two emphases and one major", and improve the safety review system of construction projects. Introduce safety design guidelines for chemical construction projects and strictly manage the design process. Strictly implement the responsibility of the design unit, actively adopt advanced safety technology, safety risk management methods and the most stringent standards, improve the level of intrinsic safety design, and eliminate potential hazards.

Ensure a safe distance.Complete the relocation and transformation of hazardous chemicals production enterprises in densely populated urban areas. Comprehensively investigate the internal safety distance of hazardous chemicals enterprises, and reform the plane layout that does not meet the requirements. Implement the closed management of the chemical park, and carry out the relocation of labor-intensive enterprises and personnel-intensive places in the park to prevent the spillover of security risks.

Eliminate backward technology and equipment.According to the catalogue of safety classification and rectification of hazardous chemicals enterprises and the catalogue of technology and equipment for eliminating backward hazardous chemicals safety production, we will promote local governments to formulate measures in light of actual conditions, comprehensively carry out accurate investigation and evaluation of enterprise safety conditions, and strictly"One enterprise, one policy" governance, to achieve a batch of standards, a batch of transformation and upgrading, and a batch of withdrawal according to law. launchDeepen illegal activities"Small chemical industry" special rectification, adhere to the combination of cracking and dredging, and use various means to establish and improve a normalized linkage supervision mechanism to effectively prevent resurgence.

Accelerate technological upgrading and transformation.Continue to implementThe special action of "mechanized substitution and automatic reduction of personnel" will promote high-risk process enterprises to implement the whole process automation transformation and minimize the number of field workers in high-risk positions. Accelerate the application of new materials, research and development of new technologies and equipment, study the technical route of online quantity reduction of hazardous chemicals in production process and the plan of storage quantity reduction, and reduce the number of major hazard sources; We will develop the technological route of replacing high-risk chemicals with chemicals with low toxicity and low reactivity, continue to carry out technological transformation to alleviate reaction conditions such as reaction temperature and reaction pressure, and encourage the use of fully closed continuous automatic production devices to replace open or semi-closed batch production devices. Promote the application of advanced technologies and methods such as micro-rapid detection of gas leakage and microchannel reactor. promoteIntegrity of equipment and facilities, strengthen leakage management. Promote enterprises to update and transform old fire-fighting facilities and equipment to ensure that they are in good condition and effective.

　special columnfour 　Key measures for the construction of intrinsically safe development system 　

Strengthen the chemical industry park"Ten haves" development guidance.Implement chemical industry parkThe "one park, one policy" will be improved. In 2022, there will be the overall planning and industrial planning of the park, the safety management institutions and personnel, the "four boundaries" and the safety control line of the surrounding land planning. In 2024, there will be public works and supporting public facilities, closed management, special parking lots, information platforms, training bases and fire-fighting facilities.

Promote the safety upgrading and upgrading of chemical parks.Implement major safety risk prevention and control projects, build an intelligent safety risk management and control platform for chemical parks, and improve the safety risk prevention and control level of key enterprises and major hazard sources in the parks.In 2022A-class and B-class chemical parks are "cleared", and about 90% of chemical parks will reach D level in 2025.

promoteSafety classification and rectification of hazardous chemicals enterprises.Establish a working mechanism that is coordinated at the provincial level and implemented by cities and counties, and organize third-party institutions to evaluate and classify enterprises according to the catalogue of safety classification and rectification of hazardous chemicals enterprises, and formulate and implement them.The "one enterprise, one policy" remediation plan realizes multiple rounds of full coverage of assessment and remediation.

Severely crack down on illegal activities."Small chemical industry".Establish and improve the normalized linkage strike mechanism for prominent illegal and illegal problems in key areas and key areas, and conduct regular investigations, high-pressure strikes and long-term treatment to achieve illegal and illegal activities."Small chemical industry" is dynamically cleared.

Implement fine chemical safety rectification"Clear" action.Carry out safety rectification for problems such as failure to carry out response safety risk assessment as required, failure to complete automation transformation on time, failure of employees to reach the required level of academic qualifications, and failure to meet the requirements in the setting of crowded places such as control rooms."Clear" action, involving key supervision of hazardous chemical processes of fine chemical enterprises take the lead in clearing.

Promote the automation transformation of the whole process of hazardous chemicals enterprises.With intrinsic safety as the center, focusing on high-risk processes, high-risk chemicals and personnel-intensive jobs, we will promote the upgrading of enterprises and build intelligent workshops."unmanned" workshop.

In accordance with the principle of overall promotion and classified guidance, with the goal of cultivating high-quality and high-skilled practical talents and strict personnel qualifications as the starting point, enterprises are forced to implement the main responsibility, accelerate the construction of an education and training supply system with unified standards, rich training carriers, online and offline integration and effective supply, and continue to implement full coverage and high-quality safety education and training to consolidate the talent guarantee and quality foundation for safe development.

Strengthen the team construction of enterprise safety management technology specialty.Formulate the mandatory equipment of safety management technology professional team and the standard conditions of specialty and education, and take the lead in fully implementing it in enterprises involving major hazard sources and fine chemical enterprises with dangerous chemical processes under key supervision. Carry out actions to improve the academic qualifications of chemical safety technical skills talents, and encourage safety management personnel to improve their professional academic qualifications such as chemical safety. Improve the systematic, modular and step-by-step safety management personnel training syllabus, courses and examination question bank, which will force the professional ability to be improved.

Improve the safety skills of operators in key positions.Adjust and expand the scope of personnel engaged in special operations of hazardous chemicals, and strictly implement the qualification conditions, training examinations and certificates system according to law. Establish and improve the standards for the construction of practical training bases, equipment standards and training instruction manuals oriented to actual working situations, and highlight the practical training of key positions. Strengthen the training of talents in school-enterprise cooperation, explore the apprenticeship system with China characteristics, and fundamentally solve the source problem of industrial workers. Cooperate with human resources and social security departments, make use of vocational skills improvement actions and work-related injury prevention policies according to regulations, and solidly promote safety skills improvement actions and work-related injury prevention capacity improvement training projects in the chemical industry.

Popularize the safety training space of online and offline integration.According to the principle of combining the physical space of employees’ online self-study and offline training with the virtual space that supports enterprise training management and government training supervision, the construction and application guide of safety training space is formulated. Carry out special actions for the construction and application of safety training space for enterprises above designated size, so as to realize the space for enterprises and everyone. To study and formulate policies and measures to encourage and restrict the operation of enterprise safety training space.

Strengthen the training of supervisors.Strengthen the construction of hazardous chemical safety supervision team, and realize that the number of law enforcement officers with chemical safety-related professional education or practical experience reaches the on-the-job personnel.More than 75%. Formulate the training plan for regional supervisors, determine the training outline and curriculum of new and on-the-job personnel with high standards, and select and train a group of instructors who have both practice and theory, and can both enforce the law and give lectures. Strengthen the construction of training carriers, and make use of high-quality resources such as undergraduate colleges, vocational colleges, large enterprises and training institutions to lay out and build a number of training bases for supervisors.

　special columnfive 　Key measures for the construction of employee training system 　

Strict safety qualification conditions for employees. Implement the staffing and qualification standards for key positions, study and include the operators of production devices and storage facilities involving major hazards and key supervision of hazardous chemical processes into the scope of special operations personnel, strictly implement the qualification conditions and training assessment and certification according to law, and severely crack down on fraud in qualification training.

Implement the benchmarking of personnel qualification conditions.. Formulate a plan for meeting the standards of employees’ safety qualification conditions, carry out benchmarking evaluation on a post-by-post basis, and formulate and implement measures to meet the standards to realize hazardous chemicals enterprises.In the three years from 2021 to 2023, the standards were fully met, and fine chemical enterprises and major hazard enterprises took the lead in meeting the standards.

Implement the training project to improve the ability to prevent work-related injuries.Take a unified plan, make overall plans at the provincial level, organize at the municipal level, implement the emergency management departments at the park and county level, and combine online and offline, and include them in the scope of work-related injury prevention support according to regulations, and train the responsible persons in charge of safety production, full-time safety managers and team leaders in key enterprises of hazardous chemicals in rotation, taking the lead in providing full coverage training for the three responsible persons of major hazard sources, technical leaders and operation leaders of enterprises.

Implement safety training space coverage action.Formulate guidelines for the construction and application of training space, and take the lead in promoting the full coverage of enterprises above designated size in key counties of hazardous chemicals according to the modes of self-construction by enterprises above designated size, co-construction by other enterprises or acceptance of services. Study and establish an incentive and restraint mechanism, clarify standards and norms, and encourage capable enterprises to formulate personalized training programs, courses and question banks.

Carry out pilot demonstration of safety training.Respect the initiative of grassroots and enterprises, select representative regions, chemical parks and enterprises at the national and provincial levels, carry out pilot demonstrations of safety training, and promote the work from point to area.

Adhere to the shortcomings, strengths and weaknesses, strengthen the foundation, strengthen the legal system, intelligent management, science and technology, social co-governance, emergency capacity building, and build a basic support and guarantee system that meets the requirements, reflects characteristics, is advanced and applicable, and is powerful and effective.

Improve the system of laws, regulations and standards.We will promote the promulgation of the Law on the Safety of Hazardous Chemicals, promote the formulation and revision of supporting laws, regulations and standards in accordance with the principle of emergency use first and step by step, accelerate the formation of a systematic, scientific, standardized and efficient system of laws and regulations, and further improve the level of law and order.

Promote the digital transformation of safety management.Seize the opportunity of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, focus on promoting the deep integration of industrial Internet and the safe production of hazardous chemicals, and form a collaborative innovation and development pattern of enterprise management platform, government supervision platform and network ecosystem. Promote the construction of national, provincial and municipal information sharing platforms for hazardous chemicals safety supervision. Upgrade the safety risk monitoring and early warning system of hazardous chemicals, focus on promoting functional iteration and application expansion, and realize the up-and-down communication and networking management and control between departments, provinces, cities, counties, parks and enterprises. Promote the construction of intelligent management and control platform for safety risks in chemical parks and enterprises, accelerate the integration of information systems such as safety management and process equipment, and improve the digital and intelligent level of safety management.

Enhance the ability to support innovation.Integrate resources, build a national research platform for hazardous chemicals safety, and build a world-class scientific and technological support institution for hazardous chemicals safety. Focus on key areas, coordinate the efforts of central enterprises, large-scale backbone enterprises, universities and research institutes, and build a number of innovative platforms such as key laboratories, collaborative innovation centers and experimental bases. Organize and implement a number of major technical key projects, achieve breakthroughs in major safety risk assessment, intelligent supervision, microchannel reactors, cracks in large coastal oil and gas storage tanks and pipelines, corrosion monitoring and control, hydrogen energy safety and other technologies, and strengthen the theory of safety production and accident prevention, and the basic and technical research on emergency response. Study and introduce relevant policies, further unblock the channels of achievement transformation and promotion mechanism, and accelerate the application of a number of mature, reliable and effective safety scientific and technological achievements.

Strengthen social service support.Establish a social service organization alliance for production safety in different industries, formulate construction standards and service specifications, encourage the introduction of group standards, and form a development pattern with comprehensive service institutions as the backbone and professional service institutions as the support. Establish a technical service expert database, implement the project of cultivating leading service enterprises and creating service brands, and promote the improvement of service quality. We will improve policies and measures conducive to the healthy development of third-party service organizations, establish a service evaluation system and mechanism, guide the government and enterprises to select the best service organizations according to the list of purchased services, and severely punish fraud.

Improve emergency rescue capability.Strengthen the policy support for emergency rescue personnel, equipment and facilities for hazardous chemicals, increase the investment in emergency rescue capacity building, coordinate the construction of emergency rescue teams for hazardous chemicals, and establish and improve the emergency resource information system. Reasonably lay out the emergency response capacity building of hazardous chemicals in key areas, and create professional emergency rescue to effectively deal with major safety risks.The Knife Team. Strengthen the construction of the actual combat capability of the emergency rescue base for hazardous chemicals, standardize the command and dispatch, training and assessment, improve the emergency plan, strengthen the training and drills, and ensure scientific disposal and safe disposal. Promote hazardous chemicals enterprises to establish and improve full-time (part-time) fire brigades in accordance with the law, establish accident process disposal teams or process emergency disposal mechanisms as needed, strengthen skills training and comprehensive drills close to actual combat, and optimize accident process disposal measures. Actively explore the emergency resource sharing and emergency linkage mechanism in chemical parks, and promote the co-construction and sharing of fire resources and the improvement of emergency equipment capabilities. A professional team for handling chemical accidents will be built in chemical parks above the provincial level, and a joint logistics, joint training and joint warfare mechanism will be established with the national comprehensive fire rescue team, which has the ability to handle large chemical accidents.

Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation.Combined with the actual production safety of hazardous chemicals, strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in relevant industries, introduce high-quality resources at home, improve the level of safe production, promote open cooperation abroad, and demonstrate China’s practice and contribution to China’s wisdom.

　special columnsix 　Key measures for the construction of basic support guarantee system 　

Formulate and revise a number of urgently needed rules and standards.Accelerate the formulation and revision of regulations and standards such as measures for the supervision and management of major hazard sources of hazardous chemicals, measures for the safety supervision and management of hazardous chemicals construction projects, measures for the safety management of chemical parks, measures for the implementation of safety production licenses of hazardous chemicals production enterprises, measures for the management of business licenses of hazardous chemicals, safety education and training norms for employees of hazardous chemicals, determination of major hidden dangers of hazardous chemicals and safety risk prevention and control of hazardous chemicals production and construction projects, safety management of ammonium nitrate, chemical process safety, safety risk assessment of fine chemical reactions, special operation norms, and classification and grading of safety risks of hazardous chemicals enterprises.

Construction of national support system for hazardous chemicals safety research.carry forwardConstruction of national scientific and technological support institutions for hazardous chemicals safety, giving full play to the scientific research advantages of central enterprises, universities and research institutions, and coordinating the construction of a number of hazardous chemicals safety engineering research institutions to provide high-level support.

Build an intelligent management and control platform for safety risks of enterprises and chemical parks.formulateGuide for the construction of intelligent management and control platform for safety risks in enterprises and chemical parks, an enterprise platform integrating major hazard management, double prevention mechanism, special operation management, intelligent inspection, personnel positioning and other functions will be built in an all-round way, and a chemical park platform integrating basic safety management, major hazard management, double prevention mechanism, special operation management, closed management and agile emergency response.

Implement the project of cultivating leading service enterprises and creating service brands.Incline policy funds, encourage and guide research institutions, industry associations and engineering technical service enterprises to become bigger and stronger, and promote the formation of a number of leading enterprises and third-party service brands integrating planning and design, consultation and demonstration, engineering construction, evaluation, evaluation and diagnosis, so as to better help safety production.

(A) chemical park safety upgrading project.

On the basis of safety assessment and classification promotion of chemical parks, we will focus onThe "one park, one policy" rectification and upgrading measures have been implemented to promote all chemical parks to reach the general or low safety risk level. Focus on promoting the construction of closed parks, special parking lots, public pipe corridors, emergency support capabilities, safety skills training bases, and intelligent management and control platforms, and build a number of intrinsically safe chemical parks. Choose a chemical park with advanced format, large scale and strong demonstration, and implement major safety risk prevention and control projects.

(two) large oil and gas storage base safety prevention and control project.

Promote the operation of large crude oil, refined oil,The equipment, facilities and control systems of LNG and other oil and gas storage bases will be upgraded, and the equipment rate and effective commissioning rate of the "four systems" of gas detection, video monitoring, emergency cut-off and lightning warning will reach 100%, and enterprises with insufficient external safety protection distance will be cleared. Promote the digital and intelligent transformation of safety management of large oil and gas storage bases, and pilot demonstration and popularization and application of cutting-edge technologies such as gas cloud imaging, active security and intelligent inspection.

(3) Safety transformation project of hazardous chemicals enterprises.

Cooperate with relevant departments to promote the relocation and transformation of hazardous chemicals production enterprises in urban densely populated areas in an orderly manner, and fully complete the task of relocation and transformation. Promote the relocation of labor-intensive enterprises and residents with insufficient safety distance in the chemical park. We will reform the plane layout of the enterprise that does not meet the safety requirements, speed up the rectification of personnel gathering places such as control room, shift room, office, lounge, external operation room and inspection room that do not meet the safety layout requirements, and ensure that the plane layout, orientation and safety distance of important facilities are in compliance. Continue to implement safety instrument system, automatic control, process optimization and technical renovation, carry out safety risk monitoring and early warning, upgrade the intelligent information management capacity of tank farm warehouses, and promote the unmanned demonstration project of high-risk process devices on site.

(four) the construction project of dangerous chemicals safety training network.

Using the strength of all parties, we will build a high-level regional safety training base in key areas and chemical parks to serve the surrounding areas, and strengthen professional management and operation and the integration of production, training and examination. Promote enterprise construction and application of online and offline integrated safety training space, and form a model of online updating of theoretical knowledge and offline training of operational skills. Covering petrochemical, fine chemical, basic chemical, medicine, oil and gas, fireworks and firecrackers and other industry categories, we will build or cultivate a number of online training brands according to different training directions. The development of enterprises must master the general teaching materials and digital resource database of hazardous chemicals safety production.

(5)"internet plus’s Dangerous and Safe Production" Project.

formulateThe pilot construction scheme of "hazardous and safe production in industrial internet plus",Construction plans of pilot units such as production enterprises, group companies and chemical parks, focusing on promoting the construction and popularization of application scenarios.The public service platform of "Industrial internet plus Hazardous Chemical Safety Production" will carry out logo analysis and standard specification construction, build a number of enterprise-level, industry-level and regional-level platforms, and build a number of application demonstration projects.

　special columnseven 　Intrinsic safety improvement project of hazardous chemicals 　

Safety upgrading project of chemical industry park.Promote implementationThe closed transformation of the park, the construction of special parking lots, training bases, fire-fighting facilities and intelligent management and control platforms will support qualified parks to strengthen infrastructure investment in public pipe corridors, logistics and warehousing, and mutual supply of materials, so as to greatly improve the safety risk management and control capabilities of the park.

Safety prevention and control project of large oil and gas storage base.For a single tank, the storage capacity shall not be less thanA crude oil storage base with a total storage capacity of not less than 1 million cubic meters, a refined oil storage with a single tank storage capacity of not less than 5,000 cubic meters and a total storage capacity of not less than 50,000 cubic meters, and an LNG receiving station with a single tank storage capacity of not less than 10,000 cubic meters and a total storage capacity of not less than 100,000 cubic meters will carry out safety risk assessment, so as to realize the equipment rate and effective commissioning rate of the "four systems" of gas detection, video monitoring, emergency cut-off and lightning warning of oil and gas storage facilities. Implement the digital transformation of safety management of large oil and gas storage bases, basically realize real-time monitoring, online diagnosis, automatic control and intelligent judgment of tank farms, and promote the pilot demonstration and popularization of cutting-edge technologies such as gas cloud imaging, active security and intelligent inspection.

Safety transformation project of hazardous chemicals enterprises.Complete the relocation and transformation of production enterprises in densely populated urban areas, and promote the relocation of labor-intensive enterprises and residents in the chemical park in an orderly manner. Promote the implementation of automation transformation of the whole production process of key hazardous process devices and key flammable and explosive chemicals, reduce the number of workers in high-risk places and improve the intrinsic safety level. We will promote the upgrading and transformation of anti-leakage monitoring technology in major hazard enterprises, the popularization and application of new technologies, new materials and new equipment, and accelerate the elimination of backward technologies.

Construction project of hazardous chemicals safety training network.Support constructionHigh-level training bases in more than 200 service areas will cultivate more than 20 online training brands in different categories. Enterprises above designated size have generally built personalized training spaces. Build a textbook system covering various industries and categories, and a national and regional digital resource database and accident case database.

"Industrial internet plus hazardous chemical safety production" project.Promote the iterative upgrade of the safety risk monitoring and early warning system for hazardous chemicals and the safety production supervision information platform. Fully build an intelligent safety risk management and control platform for major hazard enterprises and chemical parks. Promote the pilot units to build a number of application scenarios and industries.APP and industrial mechanism model, to create a number of regional, industry-level system platforms and enterprise-level demonstration platforms. Promote the digital construction of double prevention mechanism, and basically realize the digital transformation of safety management of major hazard enterprises.

Establish a classified and graded security risk prevention and control system, highlighting"Two emphases and one major" risk management and control, focusing on solving high-risk and difficult blocking problems in management, transportation, use and disposal, promoting the popularization and application of the chemical registration system at the enterprise end, and building a safety prevention and control system that supports the registration system and covers enterprises in high-risk areas and Unicom’s whole life cycle.

chemical lines. Strengthen the safety supervision of chemical enterprises that have obtained safety production licenses for dangerous chemicals, and strictly implement various safety risk control measures.For chemical enterprises other than hazardous chemicals production enterprises, all enterprises involving major hazard sources and hazardous chemical processes under key supervision are included.Safety of hazardous chemicalsKey control scope of risk monitoring and early warning system. For other chemical enterprises that use dangerous chemicals, we will promote the strengthening of safety risk identification and evaluation and improve the ability of safety risk management and control.

Pharmaceutical industry.For chemical synthetic drug production enterprises, strict supervision shall be carried out in accordance with the regulatory requirements of fine chemical enterprises.All pharmaceutical enterprises involved in major hazard sources and dangerous chemical processes under key supervision are included.Safety of hazardous chemicalsKey control scope of risk monitoring and early warning system. For other pharmaceutical enterprises that use dangerous chemicals, we will promote the strengthening of safety risk identification and evaluation and improve the ability of safety risk management and control.

Management links of hazardous chemicals.Strictly implement safety control measures for hazardous chemicals storage enterprises that constitute major hazard sources. Establish and gradually improve the national hazardous chemicals management safety supervision system, and conduct real-time supervision on the varieties, stocks and flow directions of hazardous chemicals purchased and sold by operating enterprises. Carry out safety risk assessment and classified remediation of chemical storage tank areas, and use a variety of information and technical means to continuously crack down on illegal storage of dangerous chemicals. Accelerate the popularization and application of advanced technologies, equipment and materials such as fire prevention, explosion prevention and leakage prevention, and standardize the operation of new vehicle fuels such as alcohol-based fuels and biodiesel. Carry out pilot projects for the construction of intelligent gas stations and study and formulate safety specifications for hydrogen refueling stations.

Hazardous chemical waste disposal link.Further promote the special rectification of hazardous waste safety and establish a coverage of hazardous waste.Generation, collection, storage, transfer, transportation, utilization, disposal, etc.The whole process of supervision system,Ensure the safety of hazardous chemical waste disposal links.. Coordination promotes enterprise strengthening.Safety risk assessment and demonstration of key environmental protection facilities and environmental protection transformation projects, and improve the implementation of control measures.

Transport links of dangerous chemicals.We will carry out in-depth centralized rectification of the transportation safety of hazardous chemicals, highlight the supervision of special control of hazardous chemicals transportation, and continue to crack down on activities such as affiliated operation, out-of-range transportation, unlicensed employment, illegal modification and substandard tank quality. Strengthen the safety control of filling process, and urge enterprises to strictly implement the inspection regulations and inspection record system before loading and filling. Accelerate the promotion of local planning and constructionDangerous chemicals parking lot. Vigorously promoteTransportation of dangerous chemicalsElectronic waybill system, strengthen dynamic monitoring of road transportation and promote construction.whole countryThe "one network" supervision system strengthens information sharing, departmental cooperation, dynamic supervision and joint punishment. Study and optimize the construction of the optimal safe transportation system for dangerous chemicals, scientifically set up transportation traffic control measures, improve the safety management system for tunnels and dams, and smooth the long-distance and large-scale transportation channels for dangerous chemicals.

Use of hazardous chemicals.Highlight the safety risk management and control of dangerous chemicals under major hazard sources and key supervision, improve the responsibility system, increase investment guarantee, and strictly implement dangerous chemicals.The "one book, one sign" system promotes the standardization of the safety management of hazardous chemicals used by enterprises engaged in production and hospitals, schools, scientific research institutions and other units, and studies the regulatory measures for the minimum exemption of hazardous chemicals.

(2) Prevention and control of safety risks in the oil and gas industry.

Carry out in depthThe new energy security strategy of "Four Revolutions and One Cooperation" will establish a new safety supervision mechanism under the overall responsibility of enterprise headquarters and supervision and inspection by government departments, promote the investigation of potential safety hazards and the construction of prevention and control systems, improve the implementation of major safety risk control measures for oil and gas exploration, storage and transportation, continuously improve the safety guarantee capacity of oil and gas storage and expansion, and effectively serve the overall situation of the national energy security strategy.

Onshore oil and gas exploitation.We will improve the safety supervision mechanism in which the corporate headquarters is fully responsible and the local government accurately supervises, and focus on strengthening the management and control of systematic safety risks of new enterprises and well control risks in key areas. For well control high-risk areas such as the southern margin of Xinjiang and Sichuan Basin, andHigh-risk wells such as "three high" oil and gas wells, the first exploration well in the region, ultra-deep wells, etc., carry out in-depth investigation of potential safety risks and special management of well control safety, fully implement the plan of rectification and upgrading of potential hazards and upgrading of well control equipment, and implement measures to prevent blowout and hydrogen sulfide leakage. Strengthen the safety risk management and control of large oil and gas gathering and transportation stations and abandoned oil and gas wells.

Offshore oil and gas exploitation.Comply with the law of offshore oil development and development needs, and promote the construction of offshore oil safety supervision system suitable for high-quality development. Establish a working mechanism of overall responsibility of enterprises, independent supervision by third parties and precise supervision by the government, improve the working rules of offshore oil safety supervision, and strengthen the supervision responsibilities of branches and regional supervision offices.. Establish an annual work report system for intermediaries and strengthen the supervision of offshore oil safety intermediaries.Conduct full coverage investigation and rectification of manned offshore oil and gas platforms (facilities), and conduct safety assessment and classified rectification of the main structure of aging offshore fixed production facilities.To promote the automation and digital transformation of personnel-intensive oil and gas production and operation facilities andThe transformation of "reducing people" and strict implementation of extreme weather prevention measures such as typhoons. Promote the establishment of offshore oil safety risk monitoring and early warning system to realize remote monitoring, intelligent early warning and classified control. Strengthen the research on safety technology of deep water exploitation and the construction of well control emergency capability.

Long-distance oil and gas pipeline.Improve the safety management mechanism of government-enterprise linkage with enterprises taking the main responsibility and local governments supporting and coordinating.We will fully implement the integrity management requirements and statutory inspection system, and continue to promote the renovation of centralized pipelines with potential safety hazards and the investigation and treatment of pipeline defects. Explore the establishment of a joint prevention and control mechanism for the safety of enterprises and places in high-consequence areas in crowded places and areas prone to geological disasters, and strengthen the management and control responsibilities of enterprises and local governments. launch"Industrial internet plus Safe Production" pilot, promote advanced and applicable technologies such as integrated monitoring and early warning of air and space, and strengthen the capacity building of monitoring, monitoring and early warning in high-risk areas.

Oil and gas storage facilities.Comprehensively carry out safety risk assessment of oil and gas storage enterprises, and form"One enterprise, one policy" promotion scheme. focal pointDo a good job in safety risk management and control of large oil and gas storage bases, and study and introduce them.Guidelines for the prevention and control of safety risks of LNG receiving stations, strictly enforce the safety access of construction projects according to law, and promote the construction of supporting projects for LNG long-distance pipelines. Strengthen the safety risk investigation and hidden danger management of edge seal, secondary seal and ancillary facilities of storage tanks, key loading and unloading and filling places and facilities, promote the digital management of special operations such as hot work and limited space, and strictly implement fire prevention and control measures.

　special columneight 　Key measures for safety risk prevention and control in oil and gas industry 　

Improve the system and measures of overall responsibility of enterprise headquarters.To study and formulate measures to strengthen the responsibility of production safety in enterprise headquarters, and establish an annual list system of key items for production safety inspection in enterprise headquarters, a regular consultation system for government enterprises and a comprehensive inspection and evaluation system for key work.

Improve the rules, regulations and standard system.To formulate and revise the measures for the supervision and administration of oil and gas safety production, the safety management norms of oil and gas storage enterprises,Rules and regulations such as safety risk prevention and control guide for LNG receiving station, typhoon prevention management guide for offshore oil exploitation, outline for designing safety facilities for onshore oil and gas exploitation and construction projects, and catalogue of safety facilities for oil and gas construction projects; We will formulate a series of safety production standards, such as safety regulations for onshore oil and gas exploitation, safety regulations for offshore oil and gas exploitation, standards for major hidden dangers of oil and gas exploitation, guidelines for risk identification and hidden dangers investigation and management of oil and gas exploitation, and guidelines for risk identification and hidden dangers investigation and management of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, and speed up research to fill the gaps in safety standards in new fields such as shale gas development.

Prevention and control of oil and gas exploitation and safety risks in key areas of oil and gas pipelines.Carry out safety risk assessment of offshore oil manned platforms (facilities), onshore oil exploitation high-risk well sites and stations, and deepen the investigation and management of potential safety hazards of oil and gas pipelines.Looking back, we will strengthen the implementation of measures such as rectification and upgrading, monitoring and early warning, and joint prevention and control, and promote the construction of a long-term mechanism for security risk prevention and control in key areas.

Implement the intrinsically safe upgrading project of oil and gas exploitation.Promote key technologies and equipment for oil and gas production safety, and promote the automation and digital transformation of personnel-intensive oil and gas production facilities andThe transformation of "reducing personnel" focuses on solving the problems of deepwater blowout preventer technology and equipment. Promote the construction of smart oil fields and encourage the construction of "unmanned stations" and "unmanned platforms".

Implement the intrinsically safe lifting project for long-distance oil and gas pipelines.Deepen integrity management, strictly implement the statutory inspection system, and promote the renewal and transformation of centralized pipelines with potential safety hazards; Focus on tackling the problems of pipeline crack and stress detection, improve the welding and detection technical measures of high-strength steel pipes, and systematically control the defects of pipelines.

Construction of safety production risk monitoring and early warning system.carry forward"Safe production in industrial internet plus", pilot construction of intelligent monitoring and early warning system and safety hidden trouble investigation and management system focusing on high-risk production facilities and high-risk areas.

Adhere to the construction of concentrated areas and special rectification of safety"Pay attention to both hands", focus on "two reductions and two improvements" (reducing factories and people, improving industrial concentration, and improving the level of mechanization and automation), build a national fireworks and firecrackers transformation and upgrading concentration area, thoroughly investigate and control hidden dangers, and build a modern fireworks and firecrackers industrial system with intensive production, standardized operation, safety and controllability.

Further optimize the enterprise structure.Strictly enforce the safety access permit for fireworks and firecrackers production enterprises according to law, comprehensively promote the upgrading of enterprises, resolutely eliminate enterprises that do not have safe production conditions, guide production enterprises in non-main producing areas to close down and quit, and close enterprises that do not have safe production conditions according to law., the number ratio of production enterprisesAt the end of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", it will be reduced by about 30%. We will implement demonstration projects to improve the safety of production enterprises, build demonstration enterprises and mechanized automation demonstration lines by classification, and vigorously cultivate leading brand enterprises. Innovate the operating mechanism model, improve and upgrade the flow direction management information system, explore the establishment of a circulation transaction information platform, and fully implement the wholesale enterprises to set up retail stores (points) chain direct sales.

Construction of transformation and upgrading concentrated areas.In the four major producing counties and cities of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces (Liuyang, Liling, Jiangxi, Shangli and Wanzai), four special actions were carried out, including industrial structure optimization, intrinsic safety improvement, safety management informationization and regional collaborative supervision. By establishing a promotion mechanism, strengthening policy support, focusing on pilot demonstration and guidance, conducting observation and evaluation, and creating a strong atmosphere, we will build a high-standard safety rectification zone, a high-quality industrial upgrading zone and an integrated collaborative supervision zone for fireworks and firecrackers.

Improve the level of safety technology.Construction of fireworks safety science and technology innovation base, cultivate Industry-University-Research integrated safety science and technology research and development alliance. Encourage and support the research and development and application of insensitive and safe pyrotechnics and intrinsically safe machinery and equipment, implement the catalogue management system of pyrotechnics and drug-related machinery and equipment, and regularly publish the catalogue of obsolete processes, equipment and drugs. Strictly regulate the safety management of pyrotechnics and improve the safety inspection system of pyrotechnics and main raw materials. In high-risk production processes, people and drugs are basically isolated, long-distance operation and interlocking control of production equipment, abnormal alarm and intelligent monitoring are basically realized.

Improve the basic support.promoteRevise the regulations on the safety management of fireworks and firecrackers, revise the regulations and safety production standards of relevant departments, and constantly improve the safety management regulations and standards system. We will promote the hierarchical management and control of security risks and the investigation and management of hidden dangers, build and apply a security risk monitoring and early warning system, and realize online and offline integration and efficient supervision. We will build a comprehensive information system for fireworks safety supervision and promote the sharing of information and data. Guide the construction of safety training centers and training bases, implement industrial worker training plans, and improve safety skills.

　special columnnine 　Key measures for safety risk prevention and control of fireworks and firecrackers industry

Improve the system of regulations and standards.Promote the revision of the regulations on the safety management of fireworks and firecrackers, revise the measures for the implementation of the safety production license of fireworks and firecrackers production enterprises and the measures for the implementation of the business license of fireworks and firecrackers, improve the safety management system for the application of new technologies in fireworks and firecrackers production, establish a catalogue for eliminating highly sensitive drugs and backward technologies and equipment, and improve the relevant standards system for fireworks and firecrackers safety.

Construction of transformation and upgrading concentrated areas.Promote the implementation of the construction plan for the transformation and upgrading of fireworks and firecrackers in four major producing counties and cities (Liuyang, Liling, Shangli and Wanzai) in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces, introduce support policies, organize observation and evaluation, and focus on the construction of mechanized and automated production lines for fireworks and firecrackers.At the end of the 14 th Five-Year Plan, a development pattern dominated by high-quality production capacity was formed.

Promote the digital transformation of safety management.Construction and application of fireworks production and operation enterprises safety risk monitoring and early warning system, to achieve the integration of online and offline supervision. depend onConstruction of "Industrial internet plus’s Safe Production", and construction of an industrial Internet platform for fireworks safety management,Promote qualified enterprises and accelerate the digital transformation of safety management.

Implement automatic transformation of production mechanization.Actively use advanced technologies such as automatic control, safety interlock, video monitoring, intelligent early warning, robots, etc., to promote the man-machine isolation operation and remote control of key dangerous processes in the naked drug-related processes, improve and upgrade the existing production machinery and equipment, and basically realize the mechanization and automation of production.

Conduct demonstration and leadership and brand enterprise cultivation actions.Encourage local governments to introduce support policies, implement demonstration projects of intrinsic safety of production enterprises covering major categories of fireworks and firecrackers, guide production specialization, scale and collectivization, and build a number of advantageous enterprises with good safety production foundation, strong safety management ability and certain production scale.

Promote the construction of business platform and innovation of business model.Strengthen the information management of product flow, build an information management platform for purchase and sale transactions, and realize the safety supervision of fireworks and firecrackers throughout their life cycle; Promote the joint cooperation between production and wholesale enterprises, wholesale enterprises set up retail stores (points) chain direct sales, and strictly enforce the safety conditions of retail stores (points).

VI. Planning and implementing safeguard measures

(A) establish and improve the implementation mechanism.

Strengthen the organization and leadership of the implementation of the plan, and the provincial emergency management departments shall formulate the implementation plan according to the actual situation, clarify the key points, clarify the responsibilities, determine the time sequence, and establish a joint promotion mechanism for key areas, industries, enterprises and other parties to ensure that the goals are achieved as scheduled.

(2) Conscientiously implement key measures..

All regions and enterprises should break down the objectives and tasks according to the annual details, formulate timetables and road maps, identify the carriers, promote inventory management and projects, and effectively link up with annual plans and long-term plans to implement all tasks.

Strengthen policy support and guidance, actively broaden channels, promote local, chemical parks and enterprise units to increase investment, implement a number of major projects of hazardous chemical safety infrastructure and enterprise safety transformation, and form a multi-input mechanism with enterprises as the main body, local support in various forms and active participation of social forces.

(4) Actively carry out pilot demonstrations..

Pay attention to the pilot to lead the way, organize to try first, encourage exploration and innovation, play a leading role in demonstration, timely summarize and refine typical experiences that can be used for reference, copied and popularized, and publicize and promote them, which will strongly support and promote the planning to be effective.

(5) Strict implementation of planning evaluation..

Establish a planning implementation evaluation mechanism, organize dynamic monitoring and evaluation of the implementation, fully grasp the progress and effect, summarize the promotion practices, find problems in time, and adjust and optimize them in time.

Nine-valent HPV vaccine is ＂one vaccine is hard to find＂. Can relaxing the age limit alleviate it？

　　Zhongxin Jingwei, July 12 (Lin Yusi) With the increasing demand for HPV vaccine, the demand for HPV vaccine is in short supply due to limited production capacity, especially the nine-valent vaccine "one vaccine is hard to find", which makes many women who seek seedlings miss the best vaccination age.

　　Under this circumstance, recently, in some areas, the voice of "Nine-valent vaccine is about to relax the age limit to 45 years old" appeared. So, is it realistic to "age-extend" the nine-valent vaccine? How long will it take to achieve it?

　　Photo courtesy of nine-valent vaccine packaging box respondents

　　"selling contract packages" and "distributing goods" to sell nine-valent HPV vaccines

　　Cervical cancer is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Wu Tao, an attending physician in the Department of Gynecology and Oncology of Shaanxi Cancer Hospital, told Zhongxin Jingwei that there are more than 100 kinds of HPV viruses, which are divided into high-risk and low-risk types. The common high-risk HPV types in China include 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. Women who usually have sex may be infected with HPV virus, but most of them are transient infections. Like a cold, the body’s resistance is normal, and most of them can turn the virus negative by relying on their own immunity within one year. However, a small number of people with persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection (generally believed to be more than one year) will lead to cervical precancerous lesions, which will continue to develop and even progress to cervical cancer.

　　However, cervical cancer can also be prevented, and the incidence of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions will be significantly reduced by vaccinating HPV vaccine among school-age women.

　　According to the annual report of Wan Tai Biology in 2021, according to the data of vaccine signing and wholesale by the Central Inspection Institute and local inspection institutes, from the perspective of large varieties, 181 batches of bivalent HPV vaccines were signed and wholesale, up by 269% year-on-year, and 44 batches of nine-valent HPV vaccines were issued, up by 83% year-on-year.

　　Even so, the nine-valent HPV vaccine is still "one seedling is hard to find" and even more sales tricks appear.

　　Recently, according to media reports, HPV vaccine needs to be "distributed", that is, with other vaccines or physical examinations, in order to get an HPV vaccine. A scalper who can help make an appointment for a nine-valent HPV vaccine told Zhongxin Jingwei that some hospitals have the situation of "selling contract packages", that is, compulsory physical examination, charging extra fees and bringing some profits to hospitals.

　　In addition, the scalper also revealed that because there are too many people who need to be vaccinated, releasing seedlings will never satisfy the market. In addition to releasing seedlings, some hospitals will buy and sell seedlings. The scalper said that he can help to make an appointment for the nine-valent seedlings by paying another 2,000 yuan, and he can make an appointment in about two weeks at the earliest. "All three needles can be made, and there is no need to renew the appointment. The needles are really nine-valent seedlings, and the traceability code on the box can be scanned to check the authenticity."

　　Nine-valent vaccination card in the new Jingwei Lin Yusi photo

　　Faced with the situation that the domestic HPV vaccine market is in short supply, there are also criminals who profit from smuggling nine-valent HPV vaccines at low prices. Recently, Liuzhou Intermediate People’s Court of Guangxi issued a first-instance verdict on a case of smuggling nine-valent cervical cancer vaccine. The defendant Xu Moli and other four people bought vaccines from Hong Kong at a low price and smuggled them to Shenzhen, and then sold them to various places. Four people smuggled 2,824 vaccines, involving nearly 3 million yuan, with a total profit of more than 120,000 yuan.

　　In fact, it is really helpless for people to turn to the yellow cattle to make an appointment and be asked by the hospital to "distribute" the seedlings. The way to make an appointment for HPV vaccines in various places is harsh, and it has been a long time since they were unable to "go ashore" for many years. Zhongxin Jingwei learned that Beijing made an appointment online and by telephone. However, many community hospitals have told Zhongxin Jingwei that the nine-valent HPV vaccine has no seedlings, and I don’t know when it will be available. Some hospitals in Beijing also have household registration restrictions, and people outside the jurisdiction are not allowed to vaccinate.

　　There are also areas such as Shenzhen that decide who can be vaccinated by "shaking the number". Many people have reported to Zhongxin Jingwei that the process of shaking the number is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the speed of fighting hands is also luck. Many people can’t get it for half a year. Even if they can get it, there is no guarantee that the other two needles can be vaccinated on time, and there may be problems of overage.

　　Why is the nine-valent HPV vaccine still "one vaccine is hard to find"?

　　It is understood that there are currently three kinds of HPV vaccines listed in the world, and the number of HPV virus subtypes is different, including bivalent vaccine, tetravalent vaccine and nonavalent vaccine. Five HPV vaccine products have been approved for marketing in China, including three imported HPV vaccines and two domestic HPV vaccines.

　　In 2006, the world’s first HPV vaccine came out, until 2016, the first HPV vaccine approved for marketing in China — — The bivalent HPV vaccine "sirrah Shi" produced by GlaxoSmithKline has been in a blank period in China for ten years.

　　Luo Ling, the fund manager of Shanghai Congrong Investment Management Co., Ltd., said in an interview with Zhongxin Jingwei that the reason for the current strong demand is that many people have not been vaccinated with HPV before, and the demand has accumulated to be released at this stage. The next 5 to 10 years may be the stage of replanting the stock population, followed by the annual vaccination of the new population.

　　In 2018, the U.S. Merck nine-valent HPV vaccine "Jiadaxiu" was listed in mainland China, and Zhifei Bio became the exclusive agent of Merck HPV vaccine in China. However, up to now, the nine-valent HPV vaccine is still hard to find.

　　Behind the lack of seedlings, there is only one nine-valent vaccine manufacturer in Merck. Recently, Tian Anna, president of Merck China, pointed out in an interview with the media that it takes nearly four years for each dose of HPV vaccine to be produced and applied.

　　However, the supply of nine-valent HPV vaccine has also increased accordingly. Recently, Zhifei Bio said on the interactive platform that in the first quarter of 2022, the number of batches of nine-valent HPV vaccines increased by nearly 280% year-on-year.

　　Wu Tao said that vaccination with HPV vaccine is the best way to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer, but don’t blindly wait and pursue the most expensive vaccine, but should be protected as soon as possible. If there is no nine-valent HPV vaccine, it is a better choice to vaccinate low-priced HPV vaccine.

　　In addition to the nine-valent HPV vaccine, the four-valent HPV vaccine market is currently in the hands of Merck. It is understood that the whole vaccination cost of tetravalent and nine-valent vaccines is 2394 yuan and 3894 yuan respectively. In the market competition of bivalent vaccine, domestic vaccine also gets a share with its price advantage.

　　In 2020, Wan Tai Bio’s bivalent HPV vaccine "Xinkening" went on the market, and one shot was only 329 yuan. Even if it was inoculated with three shots, it was only 987 yuan, far lower than the 1,740 yuan of the same dose of GlaxoSmithKline "sirrah Shi".

　　As the first domestic HPV vaccine, "Xinkening" adopts the research and development route of Escherichia coli technology, with low cost and high efficiency. According to the 2021 annual report, the biological business income of Wan Tai increased by 144.25%, mainly due to the increase of bivalent HPV vaccine, reagents and active raw materials, and the gross profit margin of vaccine business was as high as 92.55%. In 2021, the sales of bivalent HPV vaccine in Wan Tai exceeded 10 million, and the government procurement accounted for only 1.5%.

　　In March, 2022, watson biological bivalent HPV vaccine "Wozehui" was also approved for listing, and it was officially put on the market at the end of May, taking away part of the biological market in Wan Tai at a lower price.

　　At the end of May this year, the bivalent HPV vaccine of watson biological and Wanbiotai jointly won the bid for the procurement project of Jiangsu provincial government. The total purchase quantity is 32,000 pieces, of which 22,400 pieces were won at the proposed bid price of 246 yuan/piece in watson biological and 329 yuan/piece in Wan Tai Bio, only 9,600 pieces were won.

　　In this regard, Wan Tai Bio said that since its listing, its bivalent HPV vaccine has been mainly supplied to the self-funded market, and the purchase of free voluntary vaccination by local governments for specific age groups is relatively small, which has limited impact on the company’s operating income.

　　However, Wu Tao told Zhongxin Jingwei that there are regional differences in the distribution of cervical cancer in China, mainly concentrated in the central and western regions, and rural areas are highly prevalent in cities. Clinically, patients with advanced cervical cancer are mostly from rural areas. There are hundreds of millions of low-and middle-income women in China, who are concerned about the price of HPV vaccine besides the preventive effect and safety. "For economically underdeveloped people, the price will directly affect the choice of HPV vaccine types."

　　Is it close to relaxing the age limit?

　　On the track of nine-valent HPV vaccine, which is in short supply, there are more and more R&D and production enterprises in China. It is worth noting that some domestic nine-valent vaccines are expanding the age of the experimental population compared with the suitable age of 16 to 26 years approved by Merck nine-valent vaccine in Chinese mainland.

　　This may mean that with the listing of more nine-valent HPV vaccines in the future, not only can the situation of "one vaccine is hard to find" be alleviated, but the waiting school-age women do not have to be anxious because they are over 26 years old.

　　It is understood that Chongqing Bowei Baitai Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Bowei Bio), Jiangsu Ruike Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Ruike Bio), Beijing Kangle Guardian Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and Wan Tai Bio’s nine-valent HPV vaccine have all entered the third clinical stage.

　　Wan Tai Bio started the Phase III clinical trial in September 2020. At that time, the company said that the phase III clinical trial of the nine-valent vaccine was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine in female healthy volunteers aged 18-45. However, as early as 2020, Wan Tai Bio said that the nine-valent vaccine is not expected to be listed within three years according to clinical experience.

　　According to the information of National Medical Products Administration Drug Evaluation Center, the phase III clinical trial of nine-valent vaccine announced by Bowei Bio in 2020 also aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of HPV vaccine among women aged 20-45 in China. Phase III clinical trial was completed in September 2021.

　　In June, 2021, Ruike Bio announced the effectiveness and safety of its nine-valent vaccine in the phase III clinical trial of healthy women, one of the purposes of which was to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of three doses inoculated in healthy women aged 9-17, 16-26 and 18-45. However, the company did not disclose the completion date of the test.

　　Tao Lina, a vaccine expert, said in an interview with Zhongxin Jingwei that the duration of the third phase clinical trial needs to refer to the sample size: the larger the sample size and the higher the cost, the shorter the observation time; The smaller the sample size, the longer the observation time. You can’t have both fish and bear’s paw, with a large sample size and high investment. It will take one or two years to observe the third-phase clinical trial before you can see the significant difference between the vaccine group and the placebo group. The sample size is small, and it may take more than five or six years to get the difference of incidence and summarize it. It will take at least 2 to 6 years from the start of the third phase clinical trial of domestic HPV vaccine to the approval and listing.

　　Wu Tao told Zhongxin Jingwei that in 2019, Merck launched the third phase clinical trial of nine-valent HPV vaccine in China, bridging the immunogenicity and immune persistence test. The observation period is five years, that is, the earliest nine-valent HPV vaccine in China may relax the age limit to 45-year-old women by 2024. Men’s enrollment is also under way. However, if men in China want to get the nine-valent vaccine, they have to wait five years at the earliest.

　　However, Taulina also pointed out that relaxing to the age of 45 also means that more people are snapping up the nine-valent vaccine, which is still difficult to alleviate the situation of "one needle is hard to find" and even more intense. (Zhongxin Jingwei APP)

　　(The opinions in this article are for reference only, and do not constitute investment advice. Investment is risky, so you should be cautious when entering the market. )

Nanjing police cracked the case of spreading obscene articles on the Internet, and most of the suspects were highly educated.

　　After the suspect is arrested, the on-site evidence is fixed.

　　Recently, the Jiangbei New District Branch of Nanjing Public Security Bureau successfully cracked a case of selling and spreading obscene articles for profit in the action of Net Net 2019, cut off an industrial black chain involving shooting, selling and spreading obscene photos and videos for illegal profit, and arrested 20 suspects, involving more than 4 million yuan. Surprisingly, most of the suspects arrested by the police have high education and high income, but in order to stimulate or seek high income, they ignore the law and go to the road of no return.

　　Yangzi Evening News/Yangyan reporter Mei Jianming

　　Correspondent Jiang Jingxuan

　　An alarm call brought out thousands of member porn websites.

　　"110? I want to call the police. There is a pornographic website with many obscene photos and videos. " At the beginning of April this year, Nanjing Jiangbei New District Public Security Bureau received an alarm call from Mr. Zhang, a resident of the jurisdiction. Mr. Zhang told the police that he accidentally discovered that his son had logged into a website, and someone on it actually sold a set of obscene photos and videos at a clear price. "These photos and videos, the pictures are gaudy and vulgar, and they are basically obscene and pornographic, which is unsightly. This kind of thing will definitely have an impact on children on the Internet!" Mr Zhang said angrily.

　　After receiving the alarm, the police immediately started the verification work. After investigation, it was found that the photos and videos on the website mentioned by Mr. Zhang were obscene, with more than 3,000 registered members, which had a bad social impact. "This website can only see some explicit photos before logging in. After registering and recharging 300 yuan as a member, users can see some previews of all kinds of obscene photos and videos. If you want to see more or download, you need to pay another fee." Yin Zhihui, a policeman handling the case, told reporters.

　　According to reports, the website has set up two recharge methods: ordinary members and life-long members. The prices are 300 yuan and 1000 yuan, respectively. Only when you become a member can you buy photos and videos in the website. According to the content published on the website, the police handling the case initially determined that there was an illegal act of spreading obscenity and pornography for profit, and filed a case to start detailed evidence collection.

　　There are millions of obscene photos hidden in small websites, and registered photographers are spread all over many provinces.

　　The police investigation revealed that on the one hand, the website was contributed by registered photographers and uploaded their own obscene photos and videos in the original area; On the other hand, we set permissions on these photos and videos, and make huge profits by attracting registered members of netizens to buy them. Pictures and videos are graded according to the model’s "quality" and exposure degree, and members are charged. 60% of the illegal income is paid to the photographer as a reward, and 40% belongs to the stationmaster.

　　"This kind of case is different from other cases of financial infringement. Because it is not limited by geography and has the characteristics of a wide area, the social communication is more serious and the impact is very bad. " The police handling the case said. By the time of the incident, all photographers on the website platform had uploaded more than 300,000 pictures and video files, attracting more than 3,000 registered Vip members.

　　After fixing the online evidence, the police began to trace the identity of the suspect. Since all the suspects are fictitious identities, it is very difficult to verify their true identities. Moreover, the website server is located outside the country and has complicated encryption programs. With the cooperation of the network security department, the police quickly identified the identity of Zhang, the stationmaster of the website. After careful investigation, the identities of more than ten photographers all over the country were also determined one by one. At this point, a criminal gang involved in the illegal dissemination of obscene articles in 7 provinces and 9 cities across the country surfaced.

　　The police closed the net at the same time in 7 provinces and 9 cities, and arrested 20 suspects in one fell swoop.

　　After finding out the criminal facts of the gang and the situation of the people involved, Nanjing Jiangbei New District Public Security Bureau and Nanjing Public Security Bureau Netan Detachment immediately held a case deployment promotion meeting, organized more than 100 police officers to form a project force, and the soldiers were divided into seven roads to go to Guangzhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Beijing, Shandong, Jiangsu and other seven provinces and nine cities to make arrests.

　　After arriving at the destination, the police of the task force immediately carried out investigations regardless of the fatigue of long-distance raids. Because we are fighting in different places, we are unfamiliar with each other, and the investigation work is very difficult. After four days of investigation, the police of the task force finally figured out the residence and work schedule of all suspects, overcoming the unfavorable factors such as unclear situation and physical fatigue in continuous operations.

　　Subsequently, the task force decided to carry out a unified arrest operation. After more than ten hours of continuous waiting, the stationmaster Zhang was first captured at home. After on-site inquiry and fixed evidence, Zhang confessed to his illegal and criminal facts. After Zhang was arrested, the arresting forces in other provinces closed the net at the same time. In this unified arrest operation, 20 suspects were arrested and more than 10 computers were seized, and finally the criminal gang suspected of illegally spreading obscene articles for profit was completely destroyed.

　　There are many suspects with high salaries and high academic qualifications, and some even quit their jobs to specialize in this line.

　　After the trial, according to Zhang, one of the suspects, he created a personal website to share his photographic works in 2012 because of his hobby of photography, but the website has not been as popular as he expected. In order to attract popularity, Zhang renamed the website in 2014, and collected some exposed pictures from the Internet and posted them on his website, and the click-through rate really increased. At the beginning of 2016, a netizen contacted Zhang actively, saying that he could provide pornographic pictures for Zhang’s website for a fee. It was this cooperation that made Zhang find a "financial road", so he simply quit his job, rented an overseas server and started a website full-time.

　　After more than two years of operation, the website has attracted dozens of photographers. Most of these photographers have received higher education from universities, and the highest degree is postgraduate. Not only that, many of them have stable and well-paid jobs. Because of the considerable and rapid benefits brought by shooting and publishing obscene pictures and videos, these people have joined in one after another and become full-time or part-time photographers of the website. The suspect Niu originally had an enviable high-paying job in Shanghai. At the beginning of 2017, Niu accidentally visited the website. Because he knew P pictures, he joined the website and became a part-time photographer under the temptation of interests. In just two years, Niu contributed more than 20,000 pieces to the website, making an illegal profit of more than 700,000 yuan.

　　The reporter learned that most of these suspects are young people in their early twenties. Because of their weak legal awareness, they embarked on the road of illegal crimes, but they never thought that they had damaged the physical and mental health of more peers. At present, the case is still under further investigation and deep excavation.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs： Strive to increase the area of ratooning rice by about 10 million mu by 2030.

The Beijing News According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, recently, the Ministry issued the "Guidelines for Promoting the Development of ratooning rice (2025-2030)", proposing the development goals in stages, key tasks in different regions, and the main direction of elements, and formulating a list of problems in the whole industrial chain of ratooning rice around varieties, agricultural machinery, technology, basic guarantee and policy support, so as to guide all localities to further improve the production of ratooning rice.

Beginning in 2025, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs will speed up the matching of improved varieties and good methods, promote the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy, strengthen policy support and guarantee, promote the sustained and stable development of ratooning rice in the rice areas where two seasons are insufficient and one season is surplus, and strive to increase the area of ratooning rice by about 10 million mu nationwide by 2030, further enhancing China’s rice production support capacity.

Editor Liu Mengjie

Many countries in Asia and Europe have added new cases of COVID-19 in a single day, and Russia plans to vaccinate on a large scale before the new year.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Tbilisi, November 27th Comprehensive Xinhua News Agency reporters in Asia and Europe reported that the COVID-19 epidemic in some countries in Asia and Europe continued to spread rapidly, and the number of new cases reported by Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Georgia reached a new high on the 27th. In response to the epidemic, Russia announced that it would vaccinate COVID-19 vaccine on a large scale before the new year.

　　According to the Russian Epidemic Prevention Command on the 27th, in the past 24 hours, there were 27,543 confirmed cases in COVID-19, with a total of 2,215,533 cases. 38,558 cumulative deaths; A total of 1712174 cases were cured.

　　Peskov, Russian Presidential Press Secretary, said on 26th that Russian people will be vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine on a large scale before the New Year. Sobyanin, mayor of Moscow, said on the same day that Moscow has completed preparations for mass vaccination, and has set up about 300 vaccination sites equipped with necessary medical staff and facilities. According to the Tass news agency reported on 26th, the second COVID-19 vaccine "EpiVacCorona" in Russia started the post-registration trial on the same day, and about 4,000 volunteers participated. Russian President Vladimir Putin announced on October 14th that the vaccine was registered.

　　According to the Ukrainian Ministry of Health on the 27th, in the past 24 hours, 16,218 new cases were diagnosed in Ukraine, with a total of 693,407 cases. 11,909 cumulative deaths; A total of 326,238 cases were cured.

　　Ukrainian National News Agency reported on the same day that Ukrainian President Zelensky has submitted to the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) for consideration the economic assistance plan for small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the plan, the government will provide 10 billion Grivner (US$ 28.5) in economic assistance to small and medium-sized enterprises and their employees, so as to reduce the losses caused by epidemic prevention measures and stabilize employment, covering more than 1 million people.

　　According to the data of COVID-19 epidemic released by the Ministry of Health of Belarus on the 27th, there were 1,621 newly confirmed cases in Belarus in the past 24 hours, with a total of 131,633 cases. Cumulative death was 1136 cases; A total of 110152 cases were cured.

　　On 27th, Belarusian President Lukashenko visited a hospital in Minsk where COVID-19 patients were treated. He said that the government is expected to allocate 800 million rubles (US$ 1 is about 2.57 rubles) before the end of this year to subsidize medical staff and buy new medical equipment.

　　According to the data released by the Georgian government’s website for preventing and controlling the COVID-19 epidemic on the 27th, 4,780 new cases were diagnosed in Georgia, with a total of 123,470 cases. A total of 1161 cases died and 102270 cases were cured. On the 26th, the Georgian government announced a series of measures to strengthen epidemic prevention, including that from November 28th to January 31st next year, citizens and vehicles are not allowed to go out without permission from 21: 00 to 5: 00 the next day, except for holidays such as the New Year.

　　As of the 27th, 129,213 cases have been diagnosed in Kazakhstan, 115,384 cases have been cured and 2,013 cases have died. According to Kazakh media reports on the 27th, at the request of President Tokayev, the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan announced a list of 58 drugs to limit the price of COVID-19 epidemic on the 26th, and the government will limit the retail price of these drugs on the basis of comprehensive consideration of manufacturer’s pricing, production, marketing and transportation costs.

　　Other Asian and European countries also updated the cumulative number of confirmed cases on the 27th: 12,044 cases in Tajikistan, 71,548 cases in Kyrgyzstan, 72,409 cases in Uzbekistan and 132,346 cases in Armenia. (Note holder: Li Ming; Participating reporters: Guan Jianwu, Zhang Xiao, Li Dongxu, Ren Jun, Cai Guodong, Wei Zhongjie, Li Jia)

Liaoning： Writing a New Chapter of Revitalization in the New Development Pattern

People’s Network is a large-scale online information exchange platform built by People’s Daily, a media culture listed company controlled by People’s Daily, and one of the largest comprehensive online media on the Internet. On January 1, 1997, People’s Daily Online was officially launched. On July 1st, 2006, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the launch of "China communist party News Network" hosted by People’s Daily, and became an authoritative website to publicize and introduce the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s thoughts, theories, policies and information.

Legend of Chongqing Specialty (111) The Origin of Chongqing Hotpot! The truth may surprise you …

Chongqing city looks like a pot of hot pot!

Surrounded by two rivers, is it like a pot of hot pot soup? And the Yuzhong Peninsula, like a piece of fresh hairy belly floating on the hot pot, is scalding … Some people say that Chongqing is more like a mandarin duck pot, with red soup on the Yangtze River and clear soup on the Jialing River.

No wonder Chongqing hot pot is famous all over the world. Chongqing looks like it, which is very good with hot pot.

Five conjectures

For decades, many people have been trying to research the origin of Chongqing hot pot, but they have not found a convincing source. I combed it, and there are five main origins of Chongqing hot pot mentioned in various articles. I call them "five conjectures" about the origin of Chongqing hot pot.

Conjecture 1: the origin theory of jiangbei street.This is the view of Li Jieren, a famous Sichuan writer who has opened a restaurant in Shanghai and worked as a vice mayor of Chengdu. In Li Jieren’s article "Talking about the basic necessities of life in Chinese-1947 and 1948", there is such a passage: "Eating beef omasum hotpot with buffalo originated in Jiangbei, on the other side of Chongqing. At first, the general retail dealer bought buffalo viscera, washed it and boiled it, then cut the liver and stomach into small pieces, put a mud stove on the shoulder, and put a griddle iron basin on the stove. The pot was turned upside down and boiled with a spicy, hemp and salty marinade. So people on the bridge by the river, friends who generally sell labor, and beggars who want to eat meat after earning a few words, gathered around the burden and benefited. It is not only economical, but also can increase the quantity of calories. I haven’t known it for many years, and it was all noticed by people above the class of Little Bourgeois. It was not until 21 or 22 years of the Republic of China that a small restaurant in Chongqing Commercial Street ennobled him and moved him from the head to the table.

Conjecture 2: the origin theory of "water eight blocks"On the streets of Chongqing, there is also a hot pot restaurant named "Shuibakuai", which is probably a belief in this school of theory. Some people think that at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there was a popular way to eat "eight pieces of water" on the docks and streets of Chongqing. On the roadside food stall, there are small dishes filled with all kinds of beef offal, and there is a mud stove next to the stall. There is a large pot with a grid on the stove, and the pot is spicy soup base. Diners pick raw slices from the plates to burn food, and then count the plates to pay for it.

Conjecture 3: the origin theory of Zaifang Street.Zaifang Street, next to Chuandao turn, is under the existing Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge. This is the slaughter place of cattle and sheep in Chongqing in those days. According to this view, Chongqing hot pot originated in this place around the fifteenth year of the Republic of China (1926). Because after the cattle were slaughtered here, no one wanted the beef offal, so some people collected these beef offal that nobody cared about and opened a spicy hot pot restaurant.

Conjecture 4: the theory of the origin of boatmen.This statement is very common, and many hot pot owners have told me so. Chongqing is a big wharf with many boatmen. For the convenience of eating, at the bow of the boat and by the river, boatmen casually set up a pot to pick up or buy some beef offal that was not needed in the slaughterhouse. When the spicy soup was cooked, the hot pot was born.

Guess 5: the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables.This origin, because it is not clean, even a little disgusting, is basically not mentioned in all hot pot restaurants now. Why? Because, miscellaneous vegetables are the leftovers in the restaurant before. Every day, especially in larger restaurants, a lot of leftovers are accumulated. Restaurants gather these leftovers together, wholesale them to vendors, buy them back from vendors, pack them in cauldrons, and sell them to poor people passing by on the side of the pier. A spoonful of miscellaneous vegetables and a bowl of "Maoertou" dry rice is a meal. There are also some poor families who buy some to go home and eat them as food. There is some oil and water in the miscellaneous vegetables, which can also be regarded as a beating in sumptuous food.

Leftovers naturally don’t taste good. Small vendors engaged in miscellaneous vegetables business came up with a clever idea, adding a lot of sea pepper and pepper. Under the hot marijuana, all the strange smells were suppressed. The poor people who bought home, after eating miscellaneous vegetables, will continue to cook vegetables with the remaining spicy soup base-hot pot was born. Miscellaneous vegetables, this name is not nice, so people gave it a nice name, called "Naolong Palace".

Miscellaneous vegetables are found all over the country. Beijing is called "combined vegetables", which is actually leftovers. During the Anti-Japanese War, the beggar boss of Marble Stone married his daughter, and he did a lot of things in the open air by the Marble Stone River. All the banquets that beggars come to eat are "making trouble with the Dragon Palace".

It is said that in the past, the income from selling miscellaneous vegetables in restaurants was not the boss’s, but the private account of all the guys.

Because the grade of miscellaneous vegetables is very low, Chongqing people swear and often use the word "miscellaneous vegetables": you miscellaneous vegetables! Here, miscellaneous vegetables are basically equivalent to the "three abuses" in Mandarin.

Which conjecture is more correct?

These five conjectures about the origin of hot pot have been flying around for many years in the smell of hot pot over Chongqing, and no one can explain themselves.

There are different opinions, which makes the owners of Chongqing Hot Pot Restaurant unable to recognize their ancestors. Some bosses, who can’t wait, just find an ancestor at random and hang it on the wall for three incense sticks in the morning and evening. If you are bold, simply claim that I am the first one. Why don’t you find another one to come out?

This article dare not say the final conclusion, just trying to get as close to the truth as possible.

According to the basic logic theorem, if there are two different descriptions of the same object, there must be a false one. Besides, there are five different descriptions. What should we do? I suggest we try the "exclusion method" first.

Personally, the most popular "the origin of boatmen" is the first of these five conjectures to be eliminated.

There are docks all over the Chuanjiang River and boatmen all over the Yangtze River. If hot pot originated from boatmen, why is it unique to Chongqing? Is it possible that the boatmen in Yibin, Luzhou, Fuling and Wanxian will not eat? Are they all that stupid? I don’t know if I want to use spicy soup to cook vegetables. They don’t kill cattle there? There will be no abandoned beef offal?

Therefore, if the boatman origin theory holds, then the origin of Chongqing hot pot is not Chongqing, but the whole Sichuan River. Chongqing hot pot will be sadly renamed Chuanjiang hot pot-where there are no boatmen in Chuanjiang? Where is Chuanjiang spicy? Where do boatmen not eat? Where is the dock free of beef offal?

Besides, why should only a boatman set up a pot and burn food with spicy soup base? Will beggars? Will the porters on the dock? I think farmers are also very likely. In the field, a pot and a dish can be very hot. Can we also have a theory of the origin of farmers, porters and beggars?

In fact, before Chongqing hot pot, there was no record of spicy hot pot in Sichuan. Therefore, the origin of Chongqing hot pot must be found in the history of Chongqing, not on the Chuanjiang River. That is really the wrong dock.

Some people take a photo of a boatman eating hot pot in the late Qing Dynasty as an ironclad proof that hot pot originated from boatmen. Oh, my god, this photo can only prove that they are eating hot pot, and it can only prove that there was a hot pot in the late Qing Dynasty. Who eats hot pot? He invented this hot pot? This logic is too powerful. I still eat hot pot every week. Why didn’t you say that hot pot was invented by me?

This theory of origin has no facts and no logical support.

The second thing to be eliminated is "eight pieces of water".

It is a mistake as the name implies to say that eight pieces of water originated from hot pot. Hot pot is what you eat in the spicy soup base! It has never been "eight pieces of water".

The book "Cuisine of Sichuan Cuisine", published in 1980s, has an entry of "eight pieces of water". Eight pieces of water is a kind of cold chicken. Use a male chick, boil it in boiling water a little, and cut it off. Then remove the chicken head, chicken feet and chicken wings, just cut the chicken body in half and then in half, cut it into eight pieces, and then use the oblique knife method to connect the bones with the meat and slice it into pieces of uniform size. Put it in a big basin, add red oil and other seasonings and mix well.

This is a folk dish, which used to belong to the category of "Tian Xi".

The book Sichuan Cuisine is very authoritative in the industry. When this book was written, many chefs and gourmets in the Republic of China were still alive, and many dishes in the book were handed down by these masters, so they didn’t talk nonsense.

I used to cook chicken, as if I liked the word "eight pieces", and there is a famous dish called "eight pieces of chicken with fish flavor". In short, it is to cut the chicken into pieces, like fried crispy meat, coat it with egg powder, fry it twice in oil pan, fry it until crispy, and then pour in fish sauce. In fact, it is not necessary to cut only eight pieces, but to use the expression "one chicken cuts eight pieces" to describe that this chicken piece should not be too small, otherwise it will not be enough to chew.

Therefore, eight pieces of water and hot pot have nothing to do with fart. It’s all a lie, plus a rumor.

There are three theories of origin: Li Jieren’s theory of the origin of Jiangbei, others’ theory of the origin of Zhafang Street, and the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables that is not so tall.

Of these three origins, the first two are about the place of origin. Only the theory of the origin of miscellaneous vegetables is about the origin of the vegetables themselves.

It doesn’t matter where the place of origin is in Chongqing. No one can come up with hard evidence to prove that the hot pot came from my Dajiang North, or from my Dazaifang Street. The existing ones are all isolated evidence or legends. What we need to analyze is the time interval when hot pot was born in Chongqing and its evolution process.

Many famous dishes, especially hot pot, a special diet form, are unlikely to be so-and-so geniuses. Most of the whimsy after waking up goes through an evolutionary process and then gradually takes shape.

Evolution process of hot pot

This is also my guess, not necessarily right. Readers are welcome to criticize and correct me.

In the mid-Qing Dynasty, peppers came to the table in Sichuan.

But the premise of hot pot is not only pepper and pepper, but also oil and water. Scoop a spoonful of water to ensure that you can’t cook the taste of hot pot. If you have to cook it, it is estimated that no one will eat it. In those days, regular restaurants, no matter how big or small, could not invent the form of hot pot-in those days, spicy food was very off the table and was the food of the poor.

Slowly, by the end of the Qing dynasty, some small restaurants began to appear spicy dishes. This can be seen from the book "Chengdu Overview" published in 1908. At that time, less than 10% of the dishes in Chengdu restaurants were spicy. This is a very strange phenomenon. Restaurants refuse spicy food, but it has long been popular among the people-I have a book "Zhong Fu Lu" written by Zeng Yi, a beautiful woman in Chengdu during the Xianfeng period, which contains her family’s method of making watercress.

Then, the combination of miscellaneous vegetables and spicy food should be the earliest form of hot pot.

Miscellaneous vegetables and peppers all come from grass roots. After the combination of the two, you can use pepper to suppress the strange smell of miscellaneous vegetables. More importantly, the combination of oil and water in miscellaneous vegetables and pepper and pepper is the necessary condition for the birth of hot pot-we have to talk about logic, right?

Since the miscellaneous vegetables with pepper and pepper are not difficult to eat, can we not waste the soup after eating the miscellaneous vegetables? Something hot, isn’t it delicious and economical? If you add a little unwanted beef offal, the oil and water will increase and the taste will be good-well, in this way, the hot pot will stumble all the way to us.

The boss who started making hot pot is probably the one who sold miscellaneous vegetables.

To establish this form of hot pot, several conditions must be met: first, the bottom soup should have oil and water; Second, pepper and pepper have widely entered the people; Third, there are cheap sources of goods, such as beef offal and pig offal; Fourth, there are a large number of customers-friends who are so poor.

Unfortunately, Chongqing meets all these four conditions.

Miscellaneous vegetables have oil and water; Pepper was already popular in the late Qing Dynasty, which is recorded in writing. Chongqing Zaifang Street is not far from the pier, and the purchase channel of beef offal is very convenient; Plus Chongqing Grand Pier, the rich are a dime a dozen, and the poor are more than a dime a dozen.

Hot pot, in this way, is separated from miscellaneous vegetables and becomes an independent diet form-Heroes don’t ask about their origins, but delicious food is king!Chongqing hot pot, which was born at the grassroots level, set off in this way and headed for its sea of stars!

At the beginning, hot pot was probably also a tourist stall, and then some tourist stalls with good business were fixed as sitting stalls.

Early chafing dish, I believe, is not only available in Chongqing, but all places that meet these four conditions are likely to develop this form of chafing dish independently or by reference. It’s just that in my big Chongqing, this hot pot is booming.

In the early 1920s, there was a "worthwhile" pub in Shuigou Street, jiangbei town. The location of this pub is relatively partial. In the past, it mainly sold "cold single bowls", that is, loose wine with a little peanuts and dried beans, and the business was not good. Later, the hot pot business was added, and the business was good.

However, this is not the earliest hot pot in Chongqing. Because, at this time, there are already many open-air hot pot stalls on the roadside of Chaotianmen and other docks. Moreover, this "worthwhile" is definitely not the first, but other restaurants that learn from cats and tigers.

At that time, the hot pot stalls were sloppy. A mud stove, an iron pot, and inside the iron pot, there is a tic-tac-toe nine-square grid that is still in use. Next to the pot, there is a chopping board. The main dishes on the chopping board are: beef oil residue, beef heart, beef liver, large intestine and leg meat. Vegetarian dishes are wrapped in white, green onions and garlic seedlings, and there are also dried rice and dried rice.

The boss stood behind the chopping board with a kitchen knife in his hand. Beef oil residue and other meat dishes have been cut into large chunks, and diners (basically laborers) feed by the chunks, while the boss helps diners change the designated meat dishes into knives and cut them into small pieces. Everyone eats their own food-please note that there is no hairy belly at this time. As for vegetarian dishes, they are charged by the "handful", and the boss pays how much for each handful.

In the early days, except for the docks at Chaotianmen, most of the hot pot stalls in the city were concentrated under the eaves of the street at Jiaochangkou, and their management methods were the same as those on the docks. Jiaochangkou was a slum in Chongqing. The rich people in Chongqing are mostly in Duyou Street (now Jie Fangbei) not far away.

Compared with the most famous hot pot stall in the market, the boss nicknamed it "Li Maomi". When he counted the diners, he used the old small copper coins. Small copper coins are also called cents, so they got this nickname. Li Maomi is good at business. Every morning, he collects lithograph posters of various theaters on that day and sticks them on the wall next to the stall, where diners can talk while eating. This hot pot stall was destroyed by war during the Anti-Japanese War.

Chongqing hot pot is so famous that it has become a representative of spicy hot pot. This is related to the location of Chongqing. Before the Anti-Japanese War, Chongqing was the largest water wharf, the largest commercial city and the largest industrial city in southwest China (although there were few industries), and there were many poor people, so this hot pot stall correspondingly increased, and its reputation gradually increased.

Chongqing hot pot became famous all over the country, which really depended on the Anti-Japanese War.

Almost all the famous hot pot restaurants I can find are famous during the Anti-Japanese War. These hot pot restaurants are: Yunlong Garden, Luminous Cup and Shuyuan in Linjiangmen; 141 of Mihua Street (now Bayi Road) (later merged with Yunlong Garden in 141); Do not return if you are not drunk on May 4th Road; The "Han Palace Maodu Hotpot" in the Spiritual Fortress (now Jie Fangbei) … and so on.

Can’t help but say a digression. Now some hot pot restaurants like to recognize their ancestors. Of course, not only Chongqing, but also many places in China have this bad habit: find a brand that has disappeared from history, and then run out to recognize their ancestors and say that they are descendants. I’m sorry, please show me the chain of evidence, or I won’t recognize your grandson who was born. Especially those who call themselves the "first family" are even more absurd. Hot pot is a gradually formed diet, and it is impossible to prove who is the first one!

Get down to business. Hot pot stalls have appeared, can the hot pot restaurant be far behind? However, who actually moved the hot pot from the roadside stall into the small restaurant has no test now.

The hot pot at that time was completely different from now. Mr. Ma Zhitu once recalled the scene when he was eating hot pot in Chongqing: "Just lowering the table, sitting on a high stool, stepping on the table, shirtless, eating and drinking loudly, is really called eating Chongqing hot pot." -At that time, hot pot, put a small mud stove on the table, a small pot on the stove, or one person, or several people, sit around and eat.

The stove is on the table, and diners have to sit on high stools. The trick of burying hot pot in the table will take a long time to appear.

Ma Shitu, a famous person, ate a lot of hot pot in Chongqing and wrote a lot about it. Slowly, the fame of Chongqing hot pot spread far and wide.

　Finally, let’s guess againThe birth path of hot pot(The following is pure conjecture. If there is anything wrong, please criticize.)：

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the popularization of peppers, miscellaneous vegetables, peppers and prickly ash were finally happily combined.

Then, the hot pot is separated from the miscellaneous vegetables. After several years, from 1900 to 1910, people began to forget the relationship between hot pot and miscellaneous vegetables. At this time, as an independent diet, hot pot was accepted by people.

Then (1910-1920), hot pot booths appeared, that is, the predecessors who carried the burden of hot pot and wandered around.

Some hot pot stalls with good business have been fixed and become hot pot stalls. After another, more people joined the team of hot pot stalls. However, the hot pot fixed stall and the traveling stall are likely to coexist, just as the traveling stall and the fixed stall in Dandan Noodles have coexisted for a long time.

Around 1920, the business of hot pot stalls became better and better. The population of Greater Chongqing is also increasing. Many high-end people not only like the heavy taste of hot pot, but also don’t want to put down their bodies, go to the roadside and rummage around in a pot with people who are working hard. At this time, some restaurants began to put hot pot on the table one after another.sideline in.

The professional hot pot restaurant appeared later, and it is estimated that it will not appear until around 1930.

The final shape, development and popularity of Chongqing hot pot in the whole country was during the Anti-Japanese War.

Original title: the origin of Chongqing hot pot! The truth may surprise you …

Jilin Changchun police exposed the sweet online dating scam and destroyed an electric fraud gang for 7 days.

　　Recently, after careful investigation, the West Square Police Station of Kuancheng Branch of Changchun Public Security Bureau of Jilin Province successfully destroyed a telecommunication network fraud criminal gang in just seven days, arrested seven suspects and solved more than 80 series of cases, involving more than 400,000 yuan.

　　It is reported that on October 22nd, the police of the West Square police station combed and screened through the public security online platform to get clues. A woman surnamed Sun in Huai ‘an City, Jiangsu Province reported to the local public security organ that she had made a friend who claimed to be engaged in engineering in Wuxi through a well-known dating platform. After a week of chatting, the relationship between them became more and more intimate. Chen Mou also took the initiative to confess to Sun, claiming that he had bought a diamond ring as a gift and was going to meet Sun in Huai ‘an. However, Chen Mou claimed that he usually likes to drink red wine, but the plane was not allowed to carry it, so he sent a shopping link to Sun, asking him to "prepare" a few bottles of red wine to drink together. When he thought of the "big style" and the diamond ring gift that Chen Mou revealed in his usual chat, Sun was carried away by the sudden "love" and opened the shopping link without thinking, which cost 24,000 yuan. What she never expected was that after the arrival of five cases of red wine, Chen Mou had blacked out its WeChat and couldn’t contact it any more.

　　After preliminary investigation, Huai ‘an police determined that this was a typical case of telecommunication network fraud in the name of dating, so they entered the relevant information into the national anti-fraud platform after filing the case.

　　After screening, the police of West Square Police Station found that the delivery place of red wine in this case was Erdao District, Changchun City. Zhang Wei, the director, immediately assigned Yang Guang, the deputy director, to lead the police chiefs Zhao Dongsheng and Yang Dapeng to set up a task force to fully investigate this key clue.

　　Through inquiry, the task force locked the delivery express station of red wine in a very hidden old residential area in Erdao District. In order to get more clues, the police secretly guarded around the express station for three consecutive days, and sure enough, they found a pair of suspicious men and women who drove a black car to the express station on time every afternoon and sent boxes of red wine to all parts of the country. The task force then brought the two into the key screening line of sight. After further investigation and intelligence research, the task force mastered the information of two suspects and several gang members, and successfully locked the suspects in two hiding dens, one of which was the "office place" dedicated to telecom fraud and the other was the "warehouse" dedicated to living and storing red wine.

　　After investigation, the task force determined the organization structure, division of labor, modus operandi and activity rules of the gang, and made a careful arrest plan, only when the time is ripe.

　　On October 29, in order to wipe out the gang, the task force and the police were divided into two ways, and went to the two suspect hiding dens in Kuancheng District and Erdao District to wait for the net.

　　Yang Guang, deputy director of a route, led a team and secretly rushed to a residential area in Kuancheng District. Due to the early investigation, it was found that there was a monitoring probe outside the den and the people in the house were extremely vigilant, it was difficult for strangers to call the door open. In order to avoid scaring the snake, the police put on two sets of uniforms for the staff of the heating company and called the door open in the name of checking the heating pipeline. The police seized the opportunity and rushed into the room. They successfully arrested five suspects, three men and two women, who were chatting with the victim in front of the computer, and seized five computer mainframes used in the crime on the spot.

　　Zhao Dongsheng, another route police chief, led a team and found Cao and Qiu under a residential building in Erdao District. They made a decisive attack and successfully arrested two suspects, and found 30 boxes of red wine in their residence that had not yet been delivered.

　　So far, all seven suspects of the telecommunication network fraud criminal gang have been arrested. It was found through trial that since June this year, Cao and Qiu have gathered Qiao Mogang, Liu, Bao, Gao Mouxun, Li Mouxiao and others to form a criminal gang, purchased tools for committing crimes, defined the division of tasks, and Cao and Qiu trained gang members in "speech skills", mainly using a number of well-known dating platforms, pretending to be rich or successful men, and targeting single and divorced middle-aged women.

　　After trying every means to win the trust of the murdered woman, the suspect lied that he had bought a gift and was going to meet the other party by plane, but the plane was not allowed to carry liquid. So he proposed that the woman could help him buy red wine and send a shopping link displayed as "French Ramon Satellites Dry Red Wine", which was made by the gang in advance. They labeled the low-priced red wine bought in 20 yuan and disguised it as high-grade French red wine ranging from 498 yuan to 998 yuan per bottle. As long as the victim clicks on the link and successfully pays, the money will immediately enter Qiu’s personal account, and immediately after the success, the victim will be blacked out, and the principal couple and gang members will collect the money in the bag.

　　At present, the task force has preliminarily verified that the gang used the same means to defraud more than 80 women victims, involving 12 provinces and 38 cities across the country, involving more than 400,000 yuan. Now Cao and gang members Qiao Mogang, Liu, Bao, Gao Mouxun and Li Mouxiao have been criminally detained according to law, and another principal, Qiu, has been released on bail pending trial due to pregnancy.

　　The case is being further processed. (Reporter Liu Zhongquan)